Security hardening: CSRF, rate limiting, session/password policy, audit log

Fixes critical pre-existing issues found during review: bulk_action.php had no
auth check at all (unauthenticated download/delete of any qrcode) and built a
table name from unwhitelisted user input (SQL injection); the QR generator
classes wrote files from unvalidated filename/format, allowing path traversal
and arbitrary file writes. Also pins chillerlan/php-qrcode to 5.0.5 since
master now requires PHP 8.4, breaking the PHP 8.3 build.

- CSRF tokens on all POST forms and the bulk_action.php JSON endpoint
- Login rate limiting (5 attempts / 15 min) via new login_attempts table
- Hardened sessions: httponly/samesite cookies, 30 min idle timeout,
  session regeneration on login
- Forced password change for the default superadmin/superadmin account
- Server-side validation in Users/DynamicQrcode/Qrcode classes
- Audit log table for auth, user, and qrcode actions
- Checked-in db schema (db/init.sql, migrations/) instead of relying on an
  opaque prebuilt db image
- Production docker-compose with Nginx + php-fpm instead of the PHP dev server

db/migrations/002_security_hardening.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+-- Fase 1 security hardening migratie.
+-- Voer uit tegen een bestaande database (gebruikt de originele
+-- giandonatoinverso/php-dynamic-qr-code-db image of een oudere init.sql).
+-- Kolommen/tabellen worden alleen toegevoegd als ze nog niet bestaan.
+
+SET @db := DATABASE();
+
+SET @col_exists := (
+  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.COLUMNS
+  WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = @db AND TABLE_NAME = 'users' AND COLUMN_NAME = 'must_change_password'
+);
+SET @sql := IF(@col_exists = 0,
+  'ALTER TABLE `users` ADD COLUMN `must_change_password` TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0',
+  'SELECT 1');
+PREPARE stmt FROM @sql; EXECUTE stmt; DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
+
+SET @col_exists := (
+  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.COLUMNS
+  WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = @db AND TABLE_NAME = 'users' AND COLUMN_NAME = 'password_changed_at'
+);
+SET @sql := IF(@col_exists = 0,
+  'ALTER TABLE `users` ADD COLUMN `password_changed_at` DATETIME DEFAULT NULL',
+  'SELECT 1');
+PREPARE stmt FROM @sql; EXECUTE stmt; DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
+
+-- Bestaand superadmin account met het fabriekswachtwoord (superadmin/superadmin)
+-- moet bij eerstvolgende login het wachtwoord wijzigen.
+UPDATE `users`
+SET `must_change_password` = 1
+WHERE `username` = 'superadmin'
+  AND `password` = '$2y$10$xpZc5KC.aU2XHkcqhuZGFuAnqmtL4Unt8MysOyylceq.19XIyoZpG';
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `login_attempts` (
+  `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
+  `username` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
+  `ip_address` varchar(45) NOT NULL,
+  `success` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+  `attempted_at` datetime NOT NULL,
+  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
+  KEY `username_attempted_at` (`username`, `attempted_at`),
+  KEY `ip_attempted_at` (`ip_address`, `attempted_at`)
+) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `audit_log` (
+  `id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
+  `user_id` int(25) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `username` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `action` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
+  `target_type` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `target_id` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `ip_address` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `user_agent` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
+  `created_at` datetime NOT NULL,
+  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
+  KEY `created_at` (`created_at`),
+  KEY `user_id` (`user_id`)
+) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;