Merge pull request #30 from dillardblom/1.0.3

Release 1.0.3
Backup state stays valid JSON with a name that is not UTF-8; Bin reads on from an id, not a position
2026-11-06 20:29:09 +01:00 · 2026-11-06 20:02:09 +01:00 · 2026-11-06 19:44:52 +01:00 · 2026-11-06 19:05:54 +01:00 · 2026-11-06 18:40:10 +01:00 · 2026-11-06 18:36:15 +01:00
58 changed files with 3000 additions and 273 deletions
@@ -41,6 +41,20 @@ jobs:
      - run: composer install --no-interaction --no-progress
      - run: composer psalm

+  frontend:
+    # Builds the admin page, so a broken Vue component fails CI instead of showing up after a release.
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: '22'
+          cache: npm
+      - run: npm ci --no-audit --no-fund
+      - run: npm run build
+
  integration:
    # Full round trip (key, kit, location, backup, incremental, restore modes, database dump and
    # restore, retention, trash) on a fresh Nextcloud per version and database.
@@ -124,3 +138,7 @@ jobs:
        run: tests/integration/full-restore-roundtrip.sh 35-apache mysql to-sqlite
      - name: Full restore of a SQLite backup onto PostgreSQL
        run: tests/integration/full-restore-roundtrip.sh 35-apache sqlite to-pgsql
+      - name: Full restore with a damaged database dump (--salvage)
+        run: tests/integration/full-restore-roundtrip.sh 35-apache sqlite salvage
+      - name: Full restore with a damaged and a missing pack (--salvage)
+        run: tests/integration/full-restore-roundtrip.sh 35-apache sqlite salvage-files
@@ -7,17 +7,150 @@ the app store accepts a `-beta` suffix, but Nextcloud servers then only offer th
 beta/daily update channel, which would hide the app from most admins. The stability stage is
 instead carried by the app description, the git tag, the release, and this file.

+Each heading starts with that `<version>`, once: the app store shows a release the section(s)
+whose heading starts with its `x.y.z` and ignores anything after it, so `## [1.0.0-rc.6]` would be
+shown under 1.0.0. The git tag of a release candidate goes after the date.
+
+## [1.0.3] - 2026-11-06
+
+### Fixed
+- Empty folders are backed up and restored (#27), in `occ backup:restore`, `occ backup:restore:full`
+  and the restore page, where they are shown too. They come back from the first backup made with
+  this version; older restore points do not contain them. An older version of NG Backup can still
+  read new restore points, and then only leaves the empty folders out.
+- A full disk during a restore no longer looks like a damaged backup. The restore now stops with a
+  message about the disk, also with `--salvage`, and does not point at `--salvage` any more. The same
+  goes for other trouble writing to the restore directory, such as permissions.
+- A file or folder whose name a snapshot cannot hold (a backslash, a control character, not UTF-8) is
+  left out and reported as unreadable. Before, a backslash or control character could make the whole
+  restore point unreadable, and a name that is not UTF-8 made the backup fail.
+- A restore that goes on after a stop also removes the temporary files in folders where every file
+  is already in place, and checks that those folders are inside the restore directory before it
+  leaves their files alone.
+- After a restore that was killed and then ran again, a backup no longer has to wait up to two hours
+  for the locks of the killed run.
+- A restore only removes read-ahead folders of its own (`.ngb-restore-spool-` with 8 hex digits).
+- A restore keeps its lock on the location during a long row of files that are already in place.
+- A database restore that fails no longer leaves behind tables it created, which could stop the
+  installation of that app later. When only NG Backup's own settings cannot be put back after the
+  database was restored, `--salvage` no longer says the database is still the fresh one.
+- A connection that breaks while opening a pack on the location (seen with SMB) is retried once and
+  is handled by `--salvage`, instead of stopping the restore with the error of the storage.
+- Without a system cron, several running backups take turns while the page is open.
+- The Bin tab shows how far it is while it reads the removed restore points, which can take a while.
+  It also shows when it cannot read a location, instead of an empty bin, and refreshes when a run
+  ends.
+
+## [1.0.2] - 2026-11-06
+
+### Added
+- A warning on the admin page and in `occ backup:status` when background jobs do not run on a
+  system cron, or the cron stopped, with a link to how to set one up. Backups, also the scheduled
+  ones, need it (#13).
+- Without a working system cron, a backup started with "Back up now" moves on while the NG Backup
+  page stays open (#13).
+- `--salvage` for `occ backup:restore` and `occ backup:restore:full`: restore whatever can be
+  read when a backup is damaged. Files that cannot be read or decrypted are left out and listed,
+  and the command exits with code 2. When the database cannot be restored, `backup:restore:full`
+  leaves the fresh database as it is and puts the data directory and config of the backup in
+  `ngb-salvage-<snapshot>` in the data directory, to put back by hand.
+- The trash of restore points has a tab of its own, "Bin", instead of being shown below the
+  backups.
+
+### Changed
+- A backup in its database phase shows how far it is, for example "running (db: 47/183 tables)",
+  and one that has not moved for 15 minutes says "waiting for background jobs" with when it last
+  took a step. Before, it only said "running (db)", which looked the same as being stuck (#13).
+- Full restores from S3 read the packs ahead, eight ranges at a time, as restores over SFTP do
+  since 1.0.0-rc.4. Over SMB the packs are read in 8 MiB reads instead of 1 MiB: over a line with
+  a 130 ms round trip, reading was four times faster in a test (18 instead of 4.5 MiB/s).
+- Over SMB the index files, which a new server reads in `backup:target:add`, take fewer round
+  trips: from Canada to a Hetzner Storage Box (130 ms), 0.66 instead of 1.05 s per file, so about
+  5 instead of 8 hours for the 27,000 index files of a 1 TB repository.
+- `occ backup:restore:full` that runs again after it stopped (`--force`) goes on where it was: data
+  files already in place with the size and modification time of the backup are left, and only
+  the rest is read from the location. Before, a stopped restore of 1 TB started over.
+
+### Fixed
+- A full restore over SMB could hang at 100% CPU when the connection to the server dropped: a
+  failed read was counted as data. It is now read again over a new connection. Found in a
+  disaster recovery test of 1 TB from Canada to a Hetzner Storage Box, after 392 GiB.
+- The read-ahead folder of a restore that was killed while it wrote is removed by the next run;
+  it kept one file of up to 8 MiB.
+- `occ backup:target:add` only estimates the time left for reading the index once enough of it
+  is in. The first file also carries the time to connect, which made it say "about 642 min left"
+  for something done within a minute.
+- A restore that stops because a file is gone from the location now points at `--salvage`, as it
+  already did for damaged data.
+
+### Known issues
+- Empty folders are not backed up or restored; to be fixed in 1.0.3 (#27).
+- A full disk during a restore looks like a damaged backup ("Size mismatch"), and with `--salvage`
+  the restore goes on and lists the remaining files. The backup itself is fine: make room and run
+  the restore again. To be fixed in 1.0.3.
+
+## [1.0.1] - 2026-11-01
+
+Fixes for what was reported after 1.0.0 (#22, #24) and small improvements. Nothing changes in
+your backups or settings.
+
+### Added
+- `occ backup:user:list [location] [user]` shows the user exports on a location, with the manifest
+  path `backup:user:restore` expects. Before, that path was only printed once by
+  `backup:user:backup` (#22).
+- A "Docs" tab on the admin page, with links to the how-to, the disaster recovery guide and the
+  roadmap. It also shows before the backup key is set up.
+- A label for a backup started with "Back up now" (optional; `occ backup:run -l` already had one).
+  It shows with the restore point.
+- An explanation in the trash of restore points of what "removed by retention policy" means: the
+  policy keeps the newest restore points and the last one of each recent day, week and month, and
+  moves the others to the trash, where they can be brought back until they are deleted
+  permanently. `occ backup:trash` says the same below its list.
+
+### Changed
+- `occ backup:status`, `backup:list`, `backup:trash` and `backup:browse` show times in the time
+  zone of the daily schedule and name it, as the admin page shows them in the administrator's.
+  Before, they showed the server's UTC, which read as a wrong start time.
+- The admin page no longer says NG Backup is in beta.
+- `occ backup:user:restore` also takes a user id instead of the manifest path, when that user has
+  exactly one export on the location. With more, and for a manifest path that is not on the
+  location, the error lists that user's exports; for a user without exports it names the
+  expected form (#22). Before, `backup:user:restore <location> <uid>` only said "is not a
+  recorded user export for this location".
+
+### Fixed
+- An SFTP location with an RSA key in OpenSSH format ("BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY") stopped
+  working after an upgrade to Nextcloud 35 with "Unable to read key", and such a key could not be
+  added there at all (#24). The "Private key" field on the admin page is a single line, so a
+  pasted key lost its line breaks; Nextcloud 34 still read it, Nextcloud 35 reads keys with a
+  stricter library. The line breaks are now restored before the key is used, so a stored location
+  works again without re-entering it.
+- A full restore onto SQLite could stop at once with "database is locked" when another process
+  wrote to the database just as the restore began (a background job that was already running).
+  The restore now takes the write lock first and waits for the other process instead. The
+  full-restore test on SQLite runs with a second process writing alongside.
+- `occ backup:restore ... --to-directory` of a single file restored nothing ("Restored 0
+  files"); only a folder worked. A path to a file now restores that file.
+- A restore that was stopped (a crash, a timeout, a restart) left its half-written temporary file
+  (`<name>.ngb-restore-<id>`) next to the file it was restoring, and a `files:scan` then showed it
+  in Files. A restore now removes such leftovers in each folder it writes to.
+- The app store showed the notes of every release candidate under 1.0.0, because their headings
+  started with "1.0.0-rc". Each heading now starts with the app version of that release.
+
 ## [1.0.0] - 2026-10-29

-First stable release: the same code as 1.0.0-rc.6, which had no blocking problems reported in its
-week out (about 220 downloads). Only the version number and the README changed. The fixes for
-what was reported (#22, #24) follow in 1.0.1.
+First stable release. NG Backup makes encrypted, incremental backups of your whole Nextcloud
+(files, database and configuration) to S3, SFTP, WebDAV, SMB and other storage, and restores them
+from the web interface or with occ. Disaster recovery has been tested on real installations; see
+"Tested disaster recoveries" in the README, and read "Known limitations" before you rely on it.

-## [1.0.0-rc.6] - 2026-10-24
+The code is the same as 1.0.0-rc.6 (app version 0.9.12): updating from it changes nothing in your
+backups or settings.
+
+## [0.9.12] - 2026-10-24 (1.0.0-rc.6)

 Sixth release candidate for 1.0.0; the app version is 0.9.12. Fixes from two disaster recovery
-simulations and a user report. If no problems are reported for about a week, 1.0.0 will be this
-same code.
+simulations and a user report.

 ### Fixed
 - The daily backup time was taken as UTC (Nextcloud runs PHP in UTC): 03:00 ran at 05:00 in
@@ -42,7 +175,7 @@ same code.
 - The full-restore integration test checks a 4-byte character in a table the restore creates, and
  retries app installs from the app store.

-## [1.0.0-rc.5] - 2026-10-22
+## [0.9.11] - 2026-10-22 (1.0.0-rc.5)

 Fifth release candidate for 1.0.0; the app version is 0.9.11. A full restore of 1 TB over SFTP
 stopped after 13 hours with "Blob not in index"; the backup itself was fine.
@@ -75,7 +208,7 @@ stopped after 13 hours with "Blob not in index"; the backup itself was fine.
 - The extra connection a full restore reads ahead on is replaced when it breaks (up to 20 times),
  instead of reading the rest of the restore the slow way.

-## [1.0.0-rc.4] - 2026-10-19
+## [0.9.10] - 2026-10-19 (1.0.0-rc.4)

 Fourth release candidate for 1.0.0; the app version is 0.9.10. 1.0.0-rc.3 (0.9.9) was not
 released: its fixes are in here.
@@ -99,7 +232,7 @@ released: its fixes are in here.
 - The app store showed old screenshots: it keeps a copy per URL, and the URLs always pointed at
  `main`. They now point at the release's tag.

-## [1.0.0-rc.2] - 2026-10-18
+## [0.9.8] - 2026-10-18 (1.0.0-rc.2)

 Second release candidate for 1.0.0; the app version is 0.9.8. Fixes from a full disaster recovery
 test of a production instance (about 1 TB, Nextcloud All-in-One onto a plain Nextcloud with
@@ -140,7 +273,7 @@ PostgreSQL).
 - Removing a location left its cached index in the database (tens of thousands of rows for a large
  backup). It is removed with the location now, and once for locations that are already gone.

-## [1.0.0-rc.1] - 2026-10-17
+## [0.9.7] - 2026-10-17 (1.0.0-rc.1)

 Release candidate for 1.0.0; the app version is 0.9.7. Only bug fixes until 1.0.0. Tested on a
 production instance (about 1 TB, 150,000 files): full and incremental backups and a verify on
@@ -419,7 +552,13 @@ and not implemented yet.
 - See the "Storage backend experiences" section of the README for provider-specific quirks found
  so far (e.g. Hetzner Storage Box sub-accounts).

-[1.0.0-rc.1]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v1.0.0-rc.1
+[1.0.1]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v1.0.1
+[1.0.0]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v1.0.0
+[0.9.12]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v1.0.0-rc.6
+[0.9.11]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v1.0.0-rc.5
+[0.9.10]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v1.0.0-rc.4
+[0.9.8]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v1.0.0-rc.2
+[0.9.7]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v1.0.0-rc.1
 [0.9.6-beta.7]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v0.9.6-beta.7
 [0.9.5-beta.6]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v0.9.5-beta.6
 [0.9.4-beta.5]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v0.9.4-beta.5
@@ -392,10 +392,99 @@ in README "Known limitations":
  gids (SFTP, Storage Box) → rc4 uitbrengen en om tests vragen → zelf een volledige DR van een
  productie-instantie van ~250 GB via S3 en via SMB. Drie volledige DR-restores vóór 1.0.0.
  Problemen of meldingen van gebruikers: rc5.
- **1.0.1:**
-  1. (Naar rc4: herstelsnelheid over SFTP.) S3 leest al 16 tegelijk bij index en tree, maar een
+- **1.0.2** (plan akkoord 2026-11-04): punten 1, 2 en 5 hieronder, de Bin, nieuwe screenshots en
+  het polish-punt over de schatting van `target:add`. Besluiten 2026-11-04:
+  - `--salvage` haalt ook bij een kapotte database terug wat kan: bestanden zijn per gebruiker
+    gescheiden en het waardevolst. Kan de database niet terug (dump onleesbaar, of past niet op
+    deze installatie), dan blijft de verse database staan en gaan data en config van de backup
+    naar `<datadir>/ngb-salvage-<snapshot>/`; vanaf daar is het handwerk. Exitcode 2.
+  - De DR-test met een backup mét tabelstructuur, zonder `--skip-missing-tables` (punt 3), is
+    nog niet gedaan en wordt ingepland vóór de release van 1.0.2. Ingepland (2026-11-04): een
+    verse snapshot van nc01 (gemaakt met 1.0.1, dus met tabelstructuur) volgens de DR-gids
+    terugzetten op VM 980 met de 1.0.2-build, over **SMB** (Storage Box; besluit 2026-11-04:
+    SMB in plaats van SFTP, zodat de DR-test de nieuwe SMB-leescode op echte schaal en over de
+    echte lijn vanuit Canada test; vorige meting 2,6 MiB/s, verwachting ~1 dag voor 1 TB), zonder
+    `--skip-missing-tables`; daarna `--salvage` op een deel van de bestanden (moet hetzelfde
+    resultaat geven, exitcode 0). Uitvoeren met Dillard, die VM 980 klaarzet; deze week, vóór
+    de release. Screenshots akkoord (2026-11-04).
+  **DR-test 1.0.2 over SMB (VM 980, snapshot a86271ed van nc01, 983 GiB, gestart 2026-11-04):**
+  index lezen 8 uur (~1 bestand/s; daarna versneld naar 0,66 s/bestand, gemeten vanaf VM 980);
+  restore zonder opties (geen `--install-apps`, geen `--skip-missing-tables`) liep ~12 MiB/s
+  (SFTP eerder 2,8-7,6; SMB vóór 1.0.2 2,6). Na 392 GiB viel de SMB-verbinding weg en bleef de
+  restore op 100% CPU hangen: de smbclient-extensie geeft bij een mislukte read een string met
+  lengte -1. Opgelost (controle + nieuwe verbinding), plus hervatten: `--force` laat bestanden met
+  dezelfde grootte en mtime staan. Hervat 2026-11-05 07:21 UTC na `maintenance:mode --off`
+  volgens de gids; binnen 10 min voorbij de 392 GiB. SMB op sub5 na de test weer uitzetten.
+  **Resultaat (klaar 2026-11-06 02:11 UTC, nazorg 02:27):** hervatte run 18 u 50 min, exit 0, 150.755
+  bestanden; 7-13 MiB/s (langzamer vanaf ~18 uur Duitse tijd, oorzaak niet vastgesteld). Vergeleken
+  met nc01: 150.467 van 150.758 bestanden gelijk in grootte en mtime, 397 op hash zonder verschil;
+  gebruikers, agenda's, contacten, shares en Deck gelijk; bestanden, agenda en contacten via WebDAV
+  getest als gebruiker. `backup:restore --salvage` op 16.904 bestanden: exit 0, geen verschil. Niet
+  vastgesteld: de 50.080 "updated" bij `files:scan`. Zonder `--install-apps` 51 van de 81 apps aan.
+  VM's 980-982 en de sim-backups op OVH en sub6 opgeruimd.
+  **Naar 1.0.3 (besluit 2026-11-06):** lege mappen komen niet terug (3.982 op nc01, 2.076 daarvan in
+  `files`, verklaart vrijwel zeker de 2.370 "removed" bij `files:scan`). De backup legt alleen
+  bestanden vast (`walk()`), dus oudere snapshots hebben ze niet. Voor een DR acceptabel, wel
+  fixen; issue #27. Daarna kleine volledige simulaties; een DR van 1 TB is hiervoor niet nodig.
+  **Salvage vóór de release getest (besluit 2026-11-06):** nieuwe modus `salvage-files` in
+  `full-restore-roundtrip.sh`, ook in CI: één pack beschadigd en één weg. Eerst stopt de restore,
+  daarna `--salvage --force` volgens de gids. Vond één fout: bij een ontbrekend bestand wees de
+  melding niet naar `--salvage` (opgelost).
+  Stand 2026-11-04 (`polish`, gepusht): cron-waarschuwing + tick vanaf de pagina +
+  voortgang van de db-fase; `--salvage` voor `backup:restore` en `backup:restore:full`; S3
+  vooruitlezen (8 ranges tegelijk, met `SaveAs` naar de spool); SMB in leesacties van 8 MiB
+  (gemeten met netem, 130 ms RTT: 4,5 → 18 MiB/s per leesactie; een volledige restore over SMB
+  met vertraging is nog niet gemeten); Bin-tabblad; schatting `target:add`; nieuwe screenshots
+  (1–3 vervangen, 4-bin erbij; in `info.xml` bij de release naar tag v1.0.2 laten wijzen en
+  4-bin toevoegen). Getest: unit (208), psalm, integratie NC35 sqlite/pgsql, S3/SFTP/FTP/SMB,
+  volledige restore met `--salvage`. **1.0.2 uitgebracht 2026-11-06** (tag `v1.0.2`, PR #28).
+- **Naar 1.0.3, uit de reviews van 1.0.2 (achteraf gedraaid, 2026-11-06):**
+  1. Lege mappen (#27).
+  2. Een volle schijf onder `--salvage` telt als beschadigde backup en de restore gaat door; zonder
+     `--salvage` wijst de melding er ten onrechte naar. `fwrite` controleren, schrijffouten stoppen de
+     restore (`Repository::restoreEntries`; ook `RestoreService::writeFile` nakijken). Beide reviews.
+  3. Hervatten: controle op de doelmap vóór het overslaan, en tijdelijke bestanden ook opruimen in
+     een map waar alles al klopt.
+  4. Alleen `.ngb-restore-spool-<hex>` opruimen.
+  5. Salvage-test: tijdelijke bestanden recursief zoeken; `admin` en `frtest` apart controleren.
+  6. Nog nakijken: lease verversen bij overgeslagen bestanden; fout ná de database-commit
+     (`restoreOwnAppConfig`) en tabellen die na een rollback blijven staan; backups zonder cron
+     via de pagina (eerlijke beurten, stappen die de webtimeout halen); Bin verversen en fouten
+     tonen; SMB-uitzondering bij het openen van een pack onder `--salvage`.
+  Niet doen: bij hervatten de inhoud vergelijken (grootte en mtime is ook het criterium van de backup).
+  **Stand op branch `1.0.3` (2026-11-06):** punten 1-6 gebouwd. Lege mappen staan in het metarecord
+  van de snapshot, niet tussen de bestanden: 1.0.2 en ouder lezen zo'n snapshot gewoon en slaan alleen
+  de lege mappen over. Geen webtimeout-wijziging zonder cron: alleen in de code nagelopen, niet getest
+  (Nextcloud zet de PHP-tijdslimiet ruim, een gestopte stap wordt overgedaan); wel eerlijke beurten.
+  Bin leest in delen met teller en balk (besluit 2026-11-06, ook met oog op meerdere backups per
+  dag). Getest: unit (volle schijf op echte tmpfs), integratie NC35 sqlite/pgsql/mysql, sftp, salvage,
+  salvage-files; Bin in een echte browser met vertraagde verzoeken (1 van 7 t/m 7). Nog: reviews
+  vóór de PR, README-regels bij de versiecommit.
+  **Simulaties (2026-11-06, NC 34.0.4, 2 GB, lokale SFTP, `~/dev-local/ngb-sim/sim.sh`):** normaal
+  (pgsql), stop en hervat (pgsql → MariaDB, restore met kill -9 gestopt), volle schijf met `--salvage`:
+  alle drie geslaagd, alle 3.101 gebruikersbestanden en 7 lege mappen gelijk, share, agenda en WebDAV
+  werken. Vond één fout, opgelost: na een kill bleven vergrendelingen tot 2 uur staan, waardoor de
+  backup van stap 11 werd geweigerd. `files:scan` "Updated" zijn in de gemeten run alleen mappen
+  (mtime van mappen wordt niet teruggezet, dus nieuwe mtime en etag; bestanden ongemoeid). "Removed":
+  o.a. `cache` van een gebruiker, die de backup uitsluit. Waarschijnlijk verklaart dit ook de 50.080
+  "updated" op nc01, niet op nc01 zelf vastgesteld.
+  **Naar 1.1.0 of 1.2.0 (besluit 2026-11-06):** alle mappen krijgen bij een restore hun oorspronkelijke
+  tijd terug. Hoort zo, vooral bij oudere verzamelingen: de maptijd wordt gebruikt om in te schatten
+  wanneer een map is aangemaakt. De backup moet dan de tijd van alle mappen vastleggen en de restore
+  die aan het eind terugzetten; werkt pas vanaf de eerste backup met die versie. Op de roadmap onder 1.1.0.
+- **Branches (besluit 2026-11-06):** werk voor een versie op een branch met die naam (`1.0.3`);
+  `polish` alleen voor kleine cosmetische zaken, per geval bekijken of en wanneer die gemerged
+  worden. SMB staat uit op sub5 en sub6; sub6 is het testaccount, eerst aanzetten voor een SMB-test.
+- **1.0.1** (uitgebracht 2026-11-01): alleen de kleine punten (besluit 2026-10-30): 4, 6–13. Punten 1, 2 en 5 gaan naar
+  1.0.2 (README-roadmap aangepast); punt 3 is een test, ingepland voor de week van 2 november,
+  niet aangekondigd en los van de release. Voor 1.0.2 ook: nieuwe screenshots (het labelveld bij
+  "Back up now" en het tabblad Docs staan er nog niet op; besluit 2026-11-01), en de prullenbak
+  van herstelpunten naar een eigen tabblad "Bin" naast "Backup and restore", "Settings" en "Docs":
+  onder de lijst met herstelpunten vervuilt hij het scherm (vooral met wat het bewaarbeleid erin
+  zet; besluit 2026-11-01). Nieuwe screenshots daarna, zodat de Bin er ook op staat.
+  1. **Naar 1.0.2.** (Naar rc4: herstelsnelheid over SFTP.) S3 leest al 16 tegelijk bij index en tree, maar een
     restore leest de packs nog één voor één: ook vooruitlezen via de S3-client.
-  2. Achtergrondjobs zonder systeem-cron (issue #13; besluit 2026-10-19). De PR die dit
+  2. **Naar 1.0.2.** Achtergrondjobs zonder systeem-cron (issue #13; besluit 2026-10-19). De PR die dit
     oplost zegt "Fixes #13" (bevestigd: #13 was de cron; besluit 2026-10-21):
     a. **Waarschuwen** in de beheerpagina en `backup:status`: modus uit `core backgroundjobs_mode`
        (`ajax`/`webcron`/`cron`) en de laatste run uit `core lastcron`. Niet op `cron`, of de
@@ -424,16 +513,54 @@ in README "Known limitations":
  4. **Label bij "Back up now"** (besluit 2026-10-19): een optioneel tekstveld naast de knop; de
     tekst gaat als label van de snapshot mee (nu kan dat alleen met `occ backup:run -l`; de knop
     stuurt een leeg label, geplande runs krijgen "scheduled"). Raakt alleen de UI en een
-     bestaande parameter.
+     bestaande parameter. Ten hoogste 100 tekens — **klaar** (2026-10-30).
  5. **`--salvage`** voor `backup:restore` en `backup:restore:full` (besluit 2026-10-22): terughalen
     wat kan, een bestand dat niet te lezen of te ontsleutelen is overslaan en aan het eind
-     opsommen, in plaats van stoppen.
+     opsommen, in plaats van stoppen. **Naar 1.0.2** (besluit 2026-10-30).
  6. **Tijdelijke bestanden van een afgebroken restore opruimen** (gevonden in de SMB-DR van
     rc6, 2026-10-24): de rc5-poging die stopte liet `VID_0009.mp4.ngb-restore-<id>` staan; de
     geslaagde restore daarna haalde het niet weg, en `files:scan` maakte het zichtbaar in Files.
-     Een restore ruimt `*.ngb-restore-*` in de mappen die hij terugzet op.
+     Een restore ruimt `*.ngb-restore-*` in de mappen die hij terugzet op (alleen bestanden met
+     precies dat achtervoegsel en 6 of 12 hextekens) — **klaar** (2026-10-30).
  7. **Eén bestand terugzetten met `backup:restore`**: een pad naar een bestand zet 0 bestanden
-     terug (er komt een `/` achter); nu werkt alleen een map.
+     terug (er komt een `/` achter); nu werkt alleen een map. Gold alleen voor `--to-directory`;
+     naar de bestanden van een gebruiker werkte een los bestand al — **klaar** (2026-10-30).
+  8. **Uitleg (i) bij de prullenbak van herstelpunten** (besluit 2026-10-25): bij "removed by
+     retention policy" een infoknop met wat het betekent: het bewaarbeleid houdt voor oudere dagen
+     één herstelpunt per dag (het laatste), weken en maanden; de rest gaat naar de prullenbak en
+     wordt pas na de ingestelde wachttijd (`delete_delay_days`, standaard 30) echt verwijderd, en is
+     tot die datum terug te zetten. Aanleiding: de beheerder zag "19-10 13:12 – after rc4 upgrade
+     removed by retention policy" en dacht dat er iets was weggegooid. `occ backup:trash` zegt
+     hetzelfde onder de lijst — **klaar** (2026-10-30).
+  9. **Tijdzone in `occ backup:status`**: de tabel toont de servertijd (UTC), de webinterface de
+     tijd van de beheerder; dat leest als een verkeerde starttijd. Zet de zone in de kolomkop
+     ("started (UTC)") of toon de tijden in de zone van het schema. Gedaan: beide, en ook in
+     `backup:list`, `backup:trash` en `backup:browse` — **klaar** (2026-10-30).
+  10. **User-restore op gebruikersnaam** (issue #22, 2026-10-27): `backup:user:restore <locatie>
+      New_User` gaf alleen "is not a recorded user export"; het argument moet het manifestpad
+      zijn, dat alleen `backup:user:backup` eenmalig toonde. Nu: `backup:user:list` toont de
+      exports, een kale uid werkt bij precies één export, anders een lijst om uit te kiezen —
+      **klaar** (2026-10-27).
+  11. **Tabblad "Docs" in de beheerpagina** (besluit 2026-10-27): een derde knop naast "Backup and
+      restore" en "Settings", met links naar de HOWTO (`docs/HOWTO.md`), de DR-gids
+      (`docs/DISASTER-RECOVERY.md`) en de roadmap (README, `#roadmap`) op GitHub, elk met een
+      regel wat erin staat. Nu zijn ze alleen via de README te vinden. Zichtbaar ook zonder
+      sleutel, zodat de gids vindbaar is vóór de eerste installatie-stap. "NG Backup is in beta"
+      gaat uit de feedbackregel — **klaar** (2026-10-27).
+  12. **SFTP-sleutel zonder regeleinden** (issue #24, 2026-10-28): het veld "Private key" op de
+      beheerpagina is één regel, dus een geplakte sleutel verliest zijn regeleinden. NC34
+      (phpseclib 2) las dat nog, NC35 (phpseclib 3) weigert een OpenSSH-sleutel dan met "Unable
+      to read key". De regeleinden worden nu teruggezet vlak voor gebruik — **klaar** (2026-10-28).
+  13. **"database is locked" bij het begin van `backup:restore:full` op SQLite** (CI, 2026-10-26
+      bij #22 en 2026-10-29 op `main` na de merge van 1.0.0): de restore stopt meteen na het
+      aanzetten van de onderhoudsmodus. Niet altijd, dus een tweede proces dat op hetzelfde moment
+      de database gebruikt (cron, een webverzoek of de opstart van de container). Kan ook bij een
+      echte restore naar SQLite gebeuren. Oorzaak (2026-10-29): SQLite (WAL) begint een transactie
+      als lezer; schrijft een ander proces tussen ons eerste lezen en ons eerste schrijven, dan
+      faalt dat schrijven direct (geen wachttijd helpt). In CI was dat de installer, die
+      "installed" zet en daarna nog seconden doorschrijft. Nu neemt de restore eerst het
+      schrijfslot en wacht hij op de ander; de SQLite-test draait met een tweede schrijver
+      ernaast — **klaar** (2026-10-29).
 - **DR-tests over databasegrenzen** (besluit 2026-10-20; productie nc01 draait PostgreSQL): na
  de MariaDB→PostgreSQL-fout (tellers, rc5) elke overstap in de integratietest (`to-pgsql`,
  `to-mysql`, `to-sqlite`, ook in CI). Volle DR-tests met echte data: vóór 1.0.0 de S3-simulatie
@@ -470,6 +597,15 @@ in README "Known limitations":
  6. **Notitie achteraf bij een restorepunt**, te wijzigen in de lijst. Het label in de snapshot
     is versleuteld en ligt vast; de notitie apart op de locatie bewaren (bijv. in de catalogus),
     zodat een nieuwe server na een DR hem ook ziet.
+  8. **Herstelpunt vastpinnen** (besluit 2026-10-25): een herstelpunt dat het bewaarbeleid
+     nooit opruimt (bijv. "vóór de upgrade naar NC 35"), in de lijst en met
+     `occ backup:pin <snapshot>` / `--unpin`. Op de locatie bewaren (catalogus), zodat de
+     opschoning het ziet, ook na een DR; vastgepinde punten tellen niet mee in last/daily/weekly.
+  9. **Feedbackvraag weghalen** in 1.1.0 of 1.2.0 (besluit 2026-10-27): de regel "We would like
+     to hear how NG Backup works for you ... Share your experience" in de beheerpagina blijft tot
+     dan staan (de vermelding "in beta" is er in 1.0.1 al af). Zijn er tegen die
+     tijd geen noemenswaardige meldingen, dan werkt het: mensen melden eerder wat niet werkt dan
+     wat gewoon werkt. Het formulier (`experience.yml`) mag blijven voor wie het zelf opzoekt.
 - **Bevindingen DR-test op PVE02 (2026-10-17, snapshot van nc01, 1 TB, AIO → gewone NC 34 met
  PostgreSQL 18)** — voor **1.0.0-rc.2**:
  1. Tabellen van apps die bij de backup **niet aanstonden** (restanten: Deck, ONLYOFFICE,
@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@ installations and hosted Nextcloud. (Choosing SMB as a storage backend is the on
 see "Storage backend experiences" below — that requirement comes from files_external, not from
 ng_backup, and applies to any Nextcloud app that writes to an SMB share.)

-**Status: 1.0.0, stable.** Disaster recovery has been tested on real installations (see "Tested
+**Status: 1.0.3, stable.** Disaster recovery has been tested on real installations (see "Tested
 disaster recoveries" below). See "Known limitations" below, `PLAN.md` for the design and
 `docs/HOWTO.md` for a step-by-step guide from setup to a tested restore. Server lost? See
 `docs/DISASTER-RECOVERY.md`.

+If you like NG Backup, don't forget to give the app a star in the
+[app store](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/ng_backup) and this repository a star on GitHub!
+
 License: AGPL-3.0-or-later. Developed and sponsored by [Ensembia](https://www.ensembia.com).
 Need help restoring a backup after a crash? Ensembia offers paid restore assistance:
 [www.ensembia.com](https://www.ensembia.com).
@@ -39,7 +42,8 @@ Need help restoring a backup after a crash? Ensembia offers paid restore assista
  background job, so a backup only moves forward when that job runs. Choosing "Cron" under
  **Administration settings → Basic settings → Background jobs** is not enough on its own: it
  tells Nextcloud that the system will call it, so you also need a cron line that does. Without
-  it a backup stays at "running (db)", and so does one started with "Back up now".
+  it scheduled backups do not run; the admin page and `occ backup:status` warn about it, and a
+  backup started with "Back up now" only moves on while the NG Backup page stays open.
  `occ backup:run` in a terminal works without cron (it runs in the foreground).
  - Regular server: `crontab -u www-data -e` and add
    `*/5 * * * * php -f /var/www/nextcloud/cron.php` (your Nextcloud path).
@@ -164,6 +168,8 @@ Full restores onto a fresh server, following only [the guide](docs/DISASTER-RECO
 | Backup | Location | Database | Result |
 |---|---|---|---|
 | Production, about 1 TB, 150,000 files (Nextcloud All-in-One) | Hetzner Storage Box (SFTP), Germany → Canada | PostgreSQL → PostgreSQL | 150,622 files restored in about 25 h (13-14 MiB/s), sample identical |
+| The same, 1.0.2 | Hetzner Storage Box (SMB), Germany → Canada | PostgreSQL → PostgreSQL | 150,755 files restored in about 29 h (7-13 MiB/s), going on after a lost connection; sample identical, empty folders not restored ([#27](https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/issues/27)) |
+| 1.0.3, small simulations of 2 GB: as planned, with the restore killed halfway, and with a disk that runs full | Local SFTP server | PostgreSQL → PostgreSQL and MariaDB | all 3,101 user files and all empty folders identical; users, a share and a calendar back |
 | 138 GB simulation: 20 users, calendars, contacts, mail, shares, team folders with an ACL, versions, trash | OVH S3, Warsaw → Canada | MariaDB → PostgreSQL | all 15,772 files and every database count identical |
 | The same | OVH S3 | MariaDB → MariaDB | all 15,772 files and every database count identical |
 | The same | Hetzner Storage Box (SMB), Germany → Canada | MariaDB → SQLite | all 15,772 files and every database count identical (27.6 h, about 1.5 MB/s) |
@@ -260,19 +266,15 @@ What is planned, without dates. Ideas and votes are welcome in the
 [issues](https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/issues); if something you need is listed here,
 a 👍 on its issue helps decide what comes first.

-**1.0.1**
- A warning on the admin page and in `occ backup:status` when background jobs do not run on a
-  system cron, with how to set one up. Without cron, a backup started with "Back up now" moves on
-  while the NG Backup page is open ([#13](https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/issues/13)).
- An optional label for a backup started with "Back up now".
- Faster full restores from S3 and SMB, reading ahead as restores over SFTP do since 1.0.0-rc.4.
-
 **1.1.0**
 - Restore without the recovery kit: the backup key from the location itself, opened with one of
  your passphrases.
 - A schedule per location, also "every N hours".
 - Locations backed up one after the other instead of at the same time.
+- All folders get their original modification time back on a restore, not only the empty ones.
 - A note on a restore point that you can change afterwards.
+- Pinning a restore point, so the retention policy never removes it (for example the one from
+  before an upgrade).
 - An option to pause heavy background jobs (such as Memories, Recognize or the Preview
  Generator) while a backup runs.
 - Faster backups: reading and uploading at the same time.
@@ -289,6 +291,10 @@ a 👍 on its issue helps decide what comes first.

 On the backlog; know them before you rely on NG Backup:

+- **Empty folders only come back from backups made with 1.0.3 or newer.** Older restore points do
+  not contain them.
+- **Folders with files in them show the time of the restore**, not their original modification time.
+  The files keep theirs. On the roadmap.
 - **Only the data directory is backed up.** Object storage as primary storage (`objectstore` in
  `config.php`) is not supported: a backup refuses to start there. Folders mounted through the
  External storage app are not in the data directory and are **not included**, without a warning.
@@ -330,4 +336,4 @@ On the backlog; know them before you rely on NG Backup:
 | `backup:verify` | checksum audit of a restore point (`--deep` downloads and decrypts everything) |
 | `backup:restore:full` | whole-server restore onto a fresh installation (after `backup:key:import`) |
 | `backup:key:import` | import a recovery kit on a fresh installation |
-| `backup:user:backup`, `backup:user:restore` | one user via user_migration (asks before installing it) |
+| `backup:user:backup`, `backup:user:list`, `backup:user:restore` | one user via user_migration (asks before installing it); list the exports |
@@ -40,9 +40,12 @@ NG Backup needs Nextcloud's background jobs on system cron (a real cron line, no
 Read "Known limitations" in the README before you rely on it, and test a restore. Feedback is very
 welcome: use the "Share your experience" link on the admin page.

+**If you like NG Backup, don't forget to give the app a star in the app store and the
+[repository](https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup) a star on GitHub!**
+
 Developed and sponsored by [Ensembia](https://www.ensembia.com). We can offer (paid) assistance if
 you need help with restoring a backup after a crash.]]></description>
-    <version>1.0.0</version>
+    <version>1.0.3</version>
    <licence>agpl</licence>
    <author mail="dillard.blom@ensembia.com">Dillard Blom</author>
    <namespace>NgBackup</namespace>
@@ -53,9 +56,10 @@ you need help with restoring a backup after a crash.]]></description>
    <website>https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup</website>
    <bugs>https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/issues</bugs>
    <repository type="git">https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup</repository>
-    <screenshot>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/v1.0.0/screenshots/1-backups.png</screenshot>
-    <screenshot>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/v1.0.0/screenshots/2-restore.png</screenshot>
-    <screenshot>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/v1.0.0/screenshots/3-settings.png</screenshot>
+    <screenshot>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/v1.0.3/screenshots/1-backups.png</screenshot>
+    <screenshot>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/v1.0.3/screenshots/2-restore.png</screenshot>
+    <screenshot>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/v1.0.3/screenshots/3-settings.png</screenshot>
+    <screenshot>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/v1.0.3/screenshots/4-bin.png</screenshot>
    <dependencies>
        <php min-version="8.1"/>
        <lib>sodium</lib>
@@ -92,6 +96,7 @@ you need help with restoring a backup after a crash.]]></description>
        <command>OCA\NgBackup\Command\KeySlotRemove</command>
        <command>OCA\NgBackup\Command\BackupUser</command>
        <command>OCA\NgBackup\Command\RestoreUser</command>
+        <command>OCA\NgBackup\Command\ListUserExports</command>
        <command>OCA\NgBackup\Command\KeyImport</command>
        <command>OCA\NgBackup\Command\RestoreFull</command>
        <command>OCA\NgBackup\Command\Verify</command>
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ return [
 		['name' => 'AdminApi#testTarget', 'url' => '/api/targets/{id}/test', 'verb' => 'POST'],
 		['name' => 'AdminApi#setTargetLimit', 'url' => '/api/targets/{id}/limit', 'verb' => 'PUT'],
 		['name' => 'AdminApi#startBackup', 'url' => '/api/backups', 'verb' => 'POST'],
+		['name' => 'AdminApi#tick', 'url' => '/api/tick', 'verb' => 'POST'],
 		['name' => 'AdminApi#setSchedule', 'url' => '/api/schedule', 'verb' => 'PUT'],
 		['name' => 'AdminApi#snapshots', 'url' => '/api/targets/{targetId}/snapshots', 'verb' => 'GET'],
 		['name' => 'AdminApi#browse', 'url' => '/api/targets/{targetId}/snapshots/{snapshotId}/browse', 'verb' => 'GET'],
@@ -103,12 +103,42 @@ mode on yourself before, it stays on: switch it off with `occ maintenance:mode -
 If it stops halfway, maintenance mode stays on (the instance may be partly restored). Fix the cause,
 then switch maintenance mode off and run the restore again with `--force`, in one line (the message
 prints it): `occ maintenance:mode --off && occ backup:restore:full <location> <snapshot> --force`.
-Leave out `--install-apps` this time, so that the instance is open only for the seconds until the
+It goes on where it stopped: data files that are already in place with the size and modification
+time of the backup are left, so only the rest comes from the location again (since 1.0.2; before,
+it started over). The database is restored again in full, which takes minutes. Leave out `--install-apps` this time, so that the instance is open only for the seconds until the
 restore has switched maintenance mode on again; apps the first run could not install are listed at
 the end of the restore, install those afterwards.
 If occ then says that Nextcloud or one of the apps requires an upgrade, the database is already
 the old server's: run `occ upgrade` first, then the same command with `--force`.

+**If the backup itself is damaged** (the restore stops with "Decryption failed", "Blob
+verification failed" or a file that is missing on the location), try an older restore point
+first. If none is better, `--salvage` restores whatever can be read:
+
+    occ backup:restore:full offsite <snapshot> --install-apps --salvage
+
+If a restore already stopped halfway, run it as in step 8: maintenance mode off, with `--force` and
+without `--install-apps`:
+
+    occ maintenance:mode --off && occ backup:restore:full offsite <snapshot> --salvage --force
+
+- Files that cannot be read are left out and listed at the end; everything else is restored.
+- A full disk is not damage: the restore stops, also with `--salvage`, and says so. Make room and
+  run the restore again as in step 8.
+- **On version 1.0.2, check the disk first if the reason is "Size mismatch".** There a full disk
+  looks like damaged data: the message points at `--salvage`, and with `--salvage` the restore goes
+  on and lists the remaining files. The backup itself is fine. Update NG Backup, make room and run
+  the restore again as in step 8.
+- If the database cannot be restored (its dump is damaged, or it does not fit this
+  installation), the database stays as the fresh installation made it, and the data directory
+  and config of the backup go to a folder of their own in the data directory,
+  `ngb-salvage-<snapshot>`. Each user's files are in `data/<user>/files` there: create the users
+  again and copy their files back by hand (then `occ files:scan --all`). Calendars, contacts and
+  shares are in the database and cannot be recovered this way.
+
+The command then ends with exit code 2 instead of 0. The same option exists for
+`occ backup:restore`, to restore single folders.
+
 **9. After the restore.** These worked in our tests:

    occ upgrade
@@ -121,6 +151,12 @@ the old server's: run `occ upgrade` first, then the same command with `--force`.
 - From Nextcloud All-in-One to a regular server: also check the cache settings (`memcache.*`,
  `redis`), which point at AIO's containers.
 - Log in, open a few files, a calendar and a contact.
+- `occ files:scan` can report many folders as "Updated". That is expected: a restore does not yet put
+  back the modification time of folders with files in them, so they show the time of the restore.
+  The files themselves keep their time and content.
+- Empty folders only come back from backups made with version 1.0.3 or newer. With an older
+  restore point they are gone: `occ files:scan` then removes them from the file cache, so it reports
+  them as removed.
 - Start background jobs again (cron), as in step 2 in reverse.

 **10. Point your domain at the new server** and check that clients reconnect.
@@ -114,10 +114,16 @@ Needs the `user_migration` app. NG Backup asks before installing it:

 ```
 occ backup:user:backup offsite <uid>
+occ backup:user:list offsite [<uid>]                                  # the exports and their manifest
 occ backup:user:restore offsite users/<uid>/<exportId>               # replace (default)
 occ backup:user:restore offsite users/<uid>/<exportId> --mode=as-backup
 ```

+- `backup:user:restore` needs the manifest path that `backup:user:backup` prints at the end
+  (`users/<uid>/<exportId>`); `backup:user:list` shows it again. A user id alone also works when
+  that user has exactly one export on the location. With more (a `replace` restore adds a safety
+  export), the command lists them and you pass one.
+
 - If `user_migration` is missing, the command asks to install and enable it. For non-interactive
  use, add `--install-user-migration` to approve that explicitly. The command stops after the
  installation; run it once more.
@@ -72,6 +72,10 @@ final class ExternalStorageFactory {
 			throw new BackendException("Auth mechanism $authId does not fit backend $backendId");
 		}

+		if (is_string($options['private_key'] ?? null)) {
+			$options['private_key'] = self::normalizePrivateKey($options['private_key']);
+		}
+
 		$config = new StorageConfig();
 		$config->setBackend($backend);
 		$config->setAuthMechanism($auth);
@@ -86,4 +90,22 @@ final class ExternalStorageFactory {
 		$storage = $backend->wrapStorage($storage);
 		return $auth->wrapStorage($storage);
 	}
+
+	/**
+	 * An OpenSSH-format private key with its line breaks restored. Up to Nextcloud 34
+	 * (phpseclib 2) a key whose newlines were lost or turned into spaces, e.g. on its way through
+	 * a shell or a form, still loaded; Nextcloud 35 (phpseclib 3) refuses it with "Unable to read
+	 * key" (#24). The key itself is not changed, so it is fixed when it is used, not when stored.
+	 * Other formats (PEM, PKCS#8) still load as they are and are returned unchanged.
+	 */
+	public static function normalizePrivateKey(string $key): string {
+		if (!preg_match('/-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----(.*?)-----END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----/s', $key, $m)) {
+			return $key;
+		}
+		$body = (string)preg_replace('/\s+/', '', $m[1]);
+		if (!preg_match('#^[A-Za-z0-9+/]+=*$#', $body)) {
+			return $key;
+		}
+		return "-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----\n" . chunk_split($body, 70, "\n") . "-----END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----\n";
+	}
 }
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend, IReadsAhead {
 	private bool $s3Reads;
 	/** S3 requests in flight at once for getMany() and getRanges(). */
 	public const S3_CONCURRENCY = 16;
+	/**
+	 * Ranges readAhead() fetches at once over S3, each straight into a file in the spool (a range
+	 * is at most ReadAheadPlan::MAX_RANGE: the spool holds at most this many times that).
+	 */
+	public const S3_READ_AHEAD = 8;
 	/** Most ranges, and bytes, getRanges() holds in memory at once. */
 	private const RANGES_LOT = 64;
 	private const RANGES_LOT_BYTES = 64 * 1048576;
@@ -119,7 +124,13 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend, IReadsAhead {
 			// null: not supported or failing for now; false: not opened, which need not mean
 			// missing. Either way the storage's own stream decides.
 		}
-		$fh = $this->storage->fopen($this->abs($path), 'r');
+		try {
+			$fh = $this->storage->fopen($this->abs($path), 'r');
+		} catch (\Exception $e) {
+			// Some storages throw for what is not a missing file (SMB: a connection that broke).
+			// As a BackendException, the caller reads once more and --salvage can go on.
+			throw new BackendException('Cannot read ' . $path . ': ' . $e->getMessage(), 0, $e);
+		}
 		if ($fh === false) {
 			throw new BackendException('Not found: ' . $path);
 		}
@@ -128,7 +139,7 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend, IReadsAhead {

 	/**
 	 * Over SFTP and S3 several at a time (SftpReadStream::readMany(), s3Fetch()); elsewhere one
-	 * after the other.
+	 * after the other, over SMB in fewer round trips (smbWhole()).
 	 */
 	public function getMany(array $paths): \Generator {
 		$size = $this->s3Reads ? 16 * self::S3_CONCURRENCY : 8 * SftpReadStream::BATCH;
@@ -144,7 +155,8 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend, IReadsAhead {
 				$fast = $fast === null ? null : array_combine($chunk, array_map(fn (string $a): ?string => $fast[$a] ?? null, $abs));
 			}
 			foreach ($chunk as $path) {
-				$data = $fast[$path] ?? null;
+				// over SMB in fewer round trips, one after the other (smbWhole())
+				$data = $fast[$path] ?? $this->smbWhole($this->abs($path));
 				if ($data === null) {
 					// not read in the batch (or no batches here): the usual way, which also
 					// reports a missing file as such
@@ -211,15 +223,11 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend, IReadsAhead {
 	 */
 	private function s3Fetch(array $requests): ?array {
 		try {
-			/** @psalm-suppress UndefinedMethod, UndefinedThisPropertyFetch */
-			[$client, $bucket, $sse] = (function (): array {
-				$sse = method_exists($this, 'getServerSideEncryptionParameters') ? $this->getServerSideEncryptionParameters()
-					: (method_exists($this, 'getSSECParameters') ? $this->getSSECParameters() : []);
-				return [$this->getConnection(), $this->getBucket(), $sse];
-			})->call($this->storage);
-			if (!$client instanceof \Aws\S3\S3Client || !is_string($bucket)) {
+			$s3 = $this->s3Client();
+			if ($s3 === null) {
 				return null;
 			}
+			[$client, $bucket, $sse] = $s3;
 			$results = [];
 			$keys = array_keys($requests); // the pool numbers results 0, 1, ...: mapped back below
 			$commands = (function () use ($requests, $client, $bucket, $sse): \Generator {
@@ -245,16 +253,111 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend, IReadsAhead {
 		}
 	}

+	/**
+	 * files_external's S3 client, bucket and server-side encryption parameters; null when the
+	 * storage is not as expected.
+	 *
+	 * @return array{0: \Aws\S3\S3Client, 1: string, 2: array}|null
+	 * @psalm-suppress UndefinedClass the AWS SDK comes with Nextcloud, not with this app
+	 */
+	private function s3Client(): ?array {
+		/** @psalm-suppress UndefinedMethod, UndefinedThisPropertyFetch */
+		[$client, $bucket, $sse] = (function (): array {
+			$sse = method_exists($this, 'getServerSideEncryptionParameters') ? $this->getServerSideEncryptionParameters()
+				: (method_exists($this, 'getSSECParameters') ? $this->getSSECParameters() : []);
+			return [$this->getConnection(), $this->getBucket(), $sse];
+		})->call($this->storage);
+		return $client instanceof \Aws\S3\S3Client && is_string($bucket) ? [$client, $bucket, is_array($sse) ? $sse : []] : null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * readAhead() over S3: S3_READ_AHEAD ranges at a time, fetched together straight into files in
+	 * the spool, then handed out in order. One request per range instead of one per blob (with a
+	 * new HTTPS connection each), and several at once: a restore is no longer bound by the round
+	 * trip. A range that could not be fetched is handed out as null (the caller reads it the
+	 * usual way, which reports why).
+	 *
+	 * @param list<array{0:string, 1:int, 2:int}> $ranges
+	 * @return \Generator<int, resource|null>|null
+	 * @psalm-suppress UndefinedClass the AWS SDK comes with Nextcloud, not with this app
+	 */
+	private function s3ReadAhead(array $ranges, string $spool): ?\Generator {
+		// before anything is fetched: an invalid path throws
+		$keys = array_map(fn (array $r): string => trim($this->abs($r[0]), '/'), $ranges);
+		try {
+			$s3 = $this->s3Client();
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			$s3 = null;
+		}
+		if ($s3 === null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[$client, $bucket, $sse] = $s3;
+		$this->idleCheck();
+		return (static function () use ($client, $bucket, $sse, $ranges, $keys, $spool): \Generator {
+			$prefix = rtrim($spool, '/') . '/s3-' . bin2hex(random_bytes(4)) . '-';
+			foreach (array_chunk(array_keys($ranges), self::S3_READ_AHEAD) as $lot) {
+				$files = [];
+				$commands = [];
+				foreach ($lot as $n => $i) {
+					$files[$i] = $prefix . $i;
+					$commands[$n] = $client->getCommand('GetObject', ['Bucket' => $bucket, 'Key' => $keys[$i],
+						'Range' => 'bytes=' . $ranges[$i][1] . '-' . ($ranges[$i][1] + $ranges[$i][2] - 1), 'SaveAs' => $files[$i]] + $sse);
+				}
+				$fetched = [];
+				try {
+					(new \Aws\CommandPool($client, $commands, [
+						'concurrency' => self::S3_READ_AHEAD,
+						'fulfilled' => function (mixed $result, int $n) use (&$fetched, $lot): void {
+							$fetched[$lot[$n]] = true;
+						},
+						'rejected' => static function (): void {
+						},
+					]))->promise()->wait();
+				} catch (\Throwable) {
+					// what was not fetched is read the usual way
+				}
+				try {
+					foreach ($lot as $i) {
+						clearstatcache(true, $files[$i]);
+						$fh = isset($fetched[$i]) && @filesize($files[$i]) === $ranges[$i][2] ? @fopen($files[$i], 'rb') : false;
+						@unlink($files[$i]); // the open stream keeps its data
+						yield $i => is_resource($fh) ? $fh : null;
+						if (is_resource($fh)) {
+							fclose($fh);
+						}
+					}
+				} finally {
+					// stopped halfway: the rest of this lot
+					foreach ($files as $file) {
+						@unlink($file);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		})();
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Over SFTP: SftpRangeFetcher, on readAheadConnections new connections of its own (built with the
-	 * reconnect function), so the storage's connection stays free for other requests. Elsewhere
-	 * not (yet): null.
+	 * reconnect function), so the storage's connection stays free for other requests. Over S3:
+	 * S3_READ_AHEAD ranges at a time through the S3 client (s3ReadAhead()). Elsewhere not (yet):
+	 * null.
 	 */
 	public function canReadAhead(): bool {
-		return $this->sftpReads && $this->reconnect !== null;
+		return ($this->sftpReads && $this->reconnect !== null) || $this->s3Reads || $this->smbNative();
+	}
+
+	private function smbNative(): bool {
+		return $this->storage instanceof \OCA\Files_External\Lib\Storage\SMB && extension_loaded('smbclient');
 	}

 	public function readAhead(array $ranges, string $spool): ?\Generator {
+		if ($ranges !== [] && $this->s3Reads) {
+			return $this->s3ReadAhead($ranges, $spool);
+		}
+		if ($ranges !== [] && $this->smbNative()) {
+			return $this->smbReadAhead($ranges, $spool);
+		}
 		$reconnect = $this->reconnect;
 		if (!$this->sftpReads || $reconnect === null || $ranges === []) {
 			return null;
@@ -306,6 +409,18 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend, IReadsAhead {
 	}

 	private function readRange(string $path, int $offset, int $length): string {
+		try {
+			$chunks = $this->smbChunks($this->abs($path), $offset, $length);
+			if ($chunks !== null) {
+				$data = implode('', iterator_to_array($chunks, false));
+				if (strlen($data) === $length) {
+					return $data;
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			// read the usual way below, which reports what is wrong, over a new connection
+			$this->smbReconnect();
+		}
 		$fh = $this->get($path);
 		try {
 			if (fseek($fh, $offset) !== 0) {
@@ -418,6 +533,218 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend, IReadsAhead {
 	 *
 	 * @return list<string>|null
 	 */
+	/**
+	 * Bytes per read over SMB (smbChunks()). libsmbclient keeps a large read in flight as many
+	 * requests at once; icewind's stream reads 1 MiB at a time. Over a line with a 130 ms round
+	 * trip: 4.5 MiB/s in 1 MiB reads, 18 MiB/s in 8 MiB reads (measured 2026-11-04, Samba in a
+	 * container behind netem). Without latency it makes no difference.
+	 */
+	public const SMB_READ = 8 * 1048576;
+
+	/**
+	 * $length bytes of $abs from $offset over SMB, SMB_READ at a time straight through the native
+	 * extension's state of files_external's SMB storage. Null when the storage is not SMB through
+	 * the extension, or its internals are not as expected (the usual way reads it then). The
+	 * generator throws when a read fails.
+	 *
+	 * @return \Generator<int, string>|null
+	 * @psalm-suppress UndefinedClass icewind/smb comes with files_external, not with this app
+	 */
+	private function smbChunks(string $abs, int $offset, int $length): ?\Generator {
+		$handle = $this->smbHandle($abs);
+		if ($handle === null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[$state, $url] = $handle;
+		/** @psalm-suppress MixedMethodCall the state is icewind's NativeState */
+		return (static function () use ($state, $url, $offset, $length): \Generator {
+			$fh = $state->open($url, 'r');
+			try {
+				$state->lseek($fh, $offset, SEEK_SET, $url);
+				for ($got = 0; $got < $length;) {
+					$want = min(self::SMB_READ, $length - $got);
+					$chunk = self::smbRead($state, $fh, $want, $url);
+					if ($chunk === '') {
+						throw new BackendException('Short read in ' . $url);
+					}
+					$got += strlen($chunk);
+					yield $chunk;
+				}
+			} finally {
+				$state->close($fh, $url);
+			}
+		})();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A whole (small) file over SMB in four round trips: open, read, read up to the end, close.
+	 * files_external's fopen() first checks that the file exists (a stat with its attributes) and
+	 * icewind's stream reads 1 MiB at a time: about 7 round trips, 1 s per index file from Canada
+	 * to the Storage Box (130 ms), so ~8 h for the 27,000 index files of a 1 TB repository. Null
+	 * when the storage is not SMB through the extension or anything fails: the usual way then
+	 * reads the file and reports a missing one as such.
+	 *
+	 * @psalm-suppress UndefinedClass icewind/smb comes with files_external, not with this app
+	 */
+	private function smbWhole(string $abs): ?string {
+		$handle = $this->smbHandle($abs);
+		if ($handle === null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[$state, $url] = $handle;
+		try {
+			/** @psalm-suppress MixedMethodCall the state is icewind's NativeState */
+			$fh = $state->open($url, 'r');
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		$data = '';
+		try {
+			do {
+				$chunk = self::smbRead($state, $fh, self::SMB_READ, $url);
+				$data .= $chunk;
+			} while ($chunk !== '');
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			$data = null;
+		}
+		try {
+			/** @psalm-suppress MixedMethodCall */
+			$state->close($fh, $url);
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+		}
+		if ($data === null) {
+			$this->smbReconnect(); // a read failed: the usual way reads it over a new connection
+		}
+		return $data;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * One read of at most $bytes through the native state, checked. When libsmbclient fails a read
+	 * (seen when the connection to the server dropped during a long restore), the smbclient
+	 * extension does not return false but a string whose length is -1, because it stores
+	 * smbc_read()'s -1 in an unsigned length; icewind passes it on. Counting that as data made
+	 * the read loop go backwards forever at 100% CPU (DR test 2026-11-05, after 392 GiB).
+	 *
+	 * @param resource $fh
+	 * @psalm-suppress MixedMethodCall, MixedArgument the state is icewind's NativeState
+	 */
+	private static function smbRead(object $state, $fh, int $bytes, string $url): string {
+		$chunk = $state->read($fh, $bytes, $url);
+		$n = is_string($chunk) ? strlen($chunk) : -1;
+		if ($n < 0 || $n > $bytes) {
+			throw new BackendException('Read failed in ' . $url);
+		}
+		return $chunk;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * After a failed read: drop icewind's connection state, so the next read (the usual way, or
+	 * the next range) connects again instead of failing on a connection that is gone.
+	 *
+	 * @psalm-suppress UndefinedClass icewind/smb comes with files_external, not with this app
+	 */
+	private function smbReconnect(): void {
+		if (!$this->storage instanceof \OCA\Files_External\Lib\Storage\SMB) {
+			return;
+		}
+		try {
+			(function (): void {
+				/** @psalm-suppress UndefinedThisPropertyFetch */
+				$share = $this->share;
+				if ($share instanceof \Icewind\SMB\Native\NativeShare) {
+					(function (): void {
+						/** @psalm-suppress UndefinedThisPropertyAssignment */
+						$this->state = null;
+					})->call($share);
+				}
+			})->call($this->storage);
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * icewind's NativeState and the smb:// URL of $abs behind files_external's SMB storage, reached
+	 * through bound closures; null when the storage is not SMB through the native extension or its
+	 * internals are not as expected.
+	 *
+	 * @return array{0: object, 1: string}|null
+	 * @psalm-suppress UndefinedClass icewind/smb comes with files_external, not with this app
+	 */
+	private function smbHandle(string $abs): ?array {
+		if (!$this->storage instanceof \OCA\Files_External\Lib\Storage\SMB || !extension_loaded('smbclient')) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		try {
+			/** @var array{0: object, 1: string}|null $handle */
+			$handle = (function (string $path): ?array {
+				/** @psalm-suppress UndefinedThisPropertyFetch */
+				$share = $this->share;
+				if (!$share instanceof \Icewind\SMB\Native\NativeShare) {
+					return null;
+				}
+				/** @psalm-suppress UndefinedMethod */
+				$sharePath = ltrim($this->buildPath($path), '/');
+				/** @psalm-suppress UndefinedMethod */
+				return (fn (string $p): array => [$this->getState(), $this->buildUrl($p)])->call($share, $sharePath);
+			})->call($this->storage, $abs);
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return $handle;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * readAhead() over SMB: one range after the other, each in SMB_READ reads into a file in the
+	 * spool. Not several at once (PHP cannot wait on more than one libsmbclient call), but whole
+	 * ranges of up to ReadAheadPlan::MAX_RANGE in large reads instead of blob by blob in 1 MiB
+	 * reads. A range that cannot be read is handed out as null.
+	 *
+	 * @param list<array{0:string, 1:int, 2:int}> $ranges
+	 * @return \Generator<int, resource|null>
+	 */
+	private function smbReadAhead(array $ranges, string $spool): \Generator {
+		// before anything is read: an invalid path throws
+		$abs = array_map(fn (array $r): array => [$this->abs($r[0]), $r[1], $r[2]], $ranges);
+		return (function () use ($abs, $spool): \Generator {
+			$file = rtrim($spool, '/') . '/smb-' . bin2hex(random_bytes(4));
+			try {
+				foreach ($abs as $i => [$path, $offset, $length]) {
+					$fh = null;
+					$out = false;
+					try {
+						$chunks = $this->smbChunks($path, $offset, $length);
+						$out = $chunks === null ? false : fopen($file, 'w+b');
+						if ($chunks !== null && $out !== false) {
+							foreach ($chunks as $chunk) {
+								if (fwrite($out, $chunk) !== strlen($chunk)) {
+									throw new BackendException('Cannot write to the spool');
+								}
+							}
+							$fh = ftell($out) === $length && rewind($out) ? $out : null;
+							if ($fh === null) {
+								fclose($out);
+							}
+						}
+					} catch (\Throwable) {
+						if (is_resource($out)) {
+							fclose($out);
+						}
+						$fh = null; // read the usual way, which reports why, over a new connection
+						$this->smbReconnect();
+					} finally {
+						@unlink($file); // an open stream keeps its data
+					}
+					yield $i => $fh;
+					if (is_resource($fh)) {
+						fclose($fh);
+					}
+				}
+			} finally {
+				@unlink($file);
+			}
+		})();
+	}
+
 	private function smbNames(string $abs): ?array {
 		if (!$this->storage instanceof \OCA\Files_External\Lib\Storage\SMB) {
 			return null;
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ declare(strict_types=1);

 namespace OCA\NgBackup\Command;

+use OCA\NgBackup\Format;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\RestoreService;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Service\Schedule;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\TargetService;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Command\Command;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Helper\Table;
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ final class Browse extends Command {
 	public function __construct(
 		private TargetService $targets,
 		private RestoreService $restore,
+		private Schedule $schedule,
 	) {
 		parent::__construct();
 	}
@@ -43,9 +46,10 @@ final class Browse extends Command {
 			$output->writeln('Nothing here.');
 			return 0;
 		}
+		$zone = $this->schedule->get()['timezone'];
 		$rows = array_map(fn ($i) => [$i['type'] === 'dir' ? $i['name'] . '/' : $i['name'], $this->size($i['size']),
-			$i['type'] === 'dir' ? $i['files'] . ' files' : date('Y-m-d H:i', (int)$i['mtime'])], $items);
-		(new Table($output))->setHeaders(['name', 'size', 'files / modified'])->setRows($rows)->render();
+			$i['type'] === 'dir' ? $i['files'] . ' files' : Format::time((int)$i['mtime'], $zone)], $items);
+		(new Table($output))->setHeaders(['name', 'size', "files / modified ($zone)"])->setRows($rows)->render();
 		return 0;
 	}

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace OCA\NgBackup\Command;

 use OCA\NgBackup\Db\SnapshotMapper;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Format;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Service\Schedule;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\TargetService;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Command\Command;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Helper\Table;
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ final class ListSnapshots extends Command {
 	public function __construct(
 		private TargetService $targets,
 		private SnapshotMapper $snapshots,
+		private Schedule $schedule,
 	) {
 		parent::__construct();
 	}
@@ -32,10 +35,11 @@ final class ListSnapshots extends Command {
 	protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output): int {
 		$name = $input->getArgument('target');
 		$targets = $name === null ? $this->targets->list() : [$this->targets->get($name)];
+		$zone = $this->schedule->get()['timezone'];
 		$rows = [];
 		foreach ($targets as $t) {
 			foreach ($this->snapshots->findForTarget($t->getId()) as $s) {
-				$rows[] = [$t->getName(), $s->getSnapshotId(), date('Y-m-d H:i', $s->getCreatedAt()), $s->getKind(),
+				$rows[] = [$t->getName(), $s->getSnapshotId(), Format::time($s->getCreatedAt(), $zone), $s->getKind(),
 					$s->getFiles(), sprintf('%.1f GiB', ($s->getBytes() ?? 0) / 1073741824), $s->getLabel() ?? ''];
 			}
 		}
@@ -43,7 +47,7 @@ final class ListSnapshots extends Command {
 			$output->writeln('No snapshots yet (occ backup:run).');
 			return 0;
 		}
-		(new Table($output))->setHeaders(['location', 'snapshot', 'date', 'kind', 'files', 'size', 'label'])->setRows($rows)->render();
+		(new Table($output))->setHeaders(['location', 'snapshot', "date ($zone)", 'kind', 'files', 'size', 'label'])->setRows($rows)->render();
 		return 0;
 	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Dillard Blom
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Command;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Service\TargetService;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Command\Command;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Helper\Table;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputArgument;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputInterface;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;
+
+final class ListUserExports extends Command {
+	public function __construct(
+		private TargetService $targets,
+	) {
+		parent::__construct();
+	}
+
+	protected function configure(): void {
+		$this->setName('backup:user:list')
+			->setDescription('List the user exports (backup:user:backup) on a location')
+			->addArgument('target', InputArgument::OPTIONAL, 'Location name or id (default: all)')
+			->addArgument('user', InputArgument::OPTIONAL, 'Only the exports of this user id')
+			->setHelp(<<<'HELP'
+The manifest column is what occ backup:user:restore expects. A safety export made by a restore
+with --mode=replace is listed here as well.
+
+Example:
+  occ backup:user:list offsite alice
+HELP);
+	}
+
+	protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output): int {
+		$name = $input->getArgument('target');
+		$uid = $input->getArgument('user');
+		$rows = [];
+		try {
+			$targets = $name === null ? $this->targets->list() : [$this->targets->get($name)];
+			foreach ($targets as $t) {
+				foreach ($this->targets->repository($t)->listUserExports($uid) as $path) {
+					$parts = explode('/', $path, 3);
+					$user = $parts[1] ?? '';
+					$exportId = $parts[2] ?? '';
+					$time = \DateTimeImmutable::createFromFormat('Ymd\THis\Z', substr($exportId, 0, 16), new \DateTimeZone('UTC'));
+					$rows[] = [$t->getName(), $user, $time !== false ? $time->format('Y-m-d H:i') : '', $path];
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+			$output->writeln('<error>' . $e->getMessage() . '</error>');
+			return 1;
+		}
+		if ($rows === []) {
+			$output->writeln('No user exports yet (occ backup:user:backup).');
+			return 0;
+		}
+		(new Table($output))->setHeaders(['location', 'user', 'date (UTC)', 'manifest'])->setRows($rows)->render();
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ final class Restore extends Command {
 			->addArgument('path', InputArgument::REQUIRED, 'Path in the snapshot (see backup:browse)')
 			->addOption('mode', 'm', InputOption::VALUE_REQUIRED, 'new-folder, merge or replace (user files)', RestoreService::MODE_NEW_FOLDER)
 			->addOption('to-directory', 'd', InputOption::VALUE_REQUIRED, 'Write to this local directory instead (any path, raw files)')
+			->addOption('salvage', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'Leave out a file that cannot be read or decrypted, list it at the end and go on, instead of stopping')
 			->setHelp(<<<'HELP'
 User files (data/<user>/files/...) are restored through Nextcloud, so versions, trash and the
 file cache stay correct. Modes:
@@ -42,30 +43,59 @@ Examples:
  occ backup:restore offsite 537bf7e9... data/alice/files/Documents
  occ backup:restore offsite 537bf7e9... data/alice/files/Documents/plan.odt --mode=merge
  occ backup:restore offsite 537bf7e9... config --to-directory=/root/restored-config
+With --salvage, a file whose data on the location is damaged or missing is left out and listed
+at the end; everything else is restored. The command then exits with code 2.
 HELP);
 	}

 	protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output): int {
+		$skipped = $input->getOption('salvage') ? [] : null;
 		try {
 			$target = $this->targets->get($input->getArgument('target'));
 			$snapshot = $input->getArgument('snapshot');
 			$path = trim((string)$input->getArgument('path'), '/'); // CLI convenience; the service itself only accepts canonical paths
 			if ($dir = $input->getOption('to-directory')) {
-				$n = $this->restore->restoreToDirectory($target, $snapshot, $path, $dir);
+				$n = $this->restore->restoreToDirectory($target, $snapshot, $path, $dir, false, null, $skipped);
 				$output->writeln("Restored <info>$n</info> files to $dir.");
-				return 0;
+				return self::reportSkipped($skipped, $output);
 			}
 			$r = $this->restore->restoreUserFiles($target, $snapshot, $path, (string)$input->getOption('mode'),
 				function (int $done, int $total, string $name) use ($output) {
 					if ($output->isVerbose() || $done === $total || $done % 100 === 0) {
 						$output->writeln("  $done/$total $name");
 					}
-				});
+				}, $skipped);
 		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
 			$output->writeln('<error>' . $e->getMessage() . '</error>');
+			if ($skipped === null && self::backupLooksDamaged($e)) {
+				$output->writeln('The data of a file on the location is damaged or missing. Run the same command with --salvage to restore everything else and list what could not be restored.');
+			}
 			return 1;
 		}
 		$output->writeln(sprintf('Restored <info>%d</info> files to %s%s.', $r['restored'], $r['target'], $r['trashed'] ? ", moved {$r['trashed']} extra files to the trash" : ''));
-		return 0;
+		return self::reportSkipped($skipped, $output);
+	}
+
+	/** Damaged data, or a file that is gone from the location: what --salvage is for. */
+	public static function backupLooksDamaged(\Throwable $e): bool {
+		return $e instanceof \OCA\NgBackup\Repository\RepositoryException
+			|| $e instanceof \OCA\NgBackup\Crypto\CryptoException
+			|| ($e instanceof \OCA\NgBackup\Backend\BackendException && str_starts_with($e->getMessage(), 'Not found'));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The files --salvage left out; exit code 2 when there are any.
+	 *
+	 * @param array<string, string>|null $skipped
+	 */
+	public static function reportSkipped(?array $skipped, OutputInterface $output): int {
+		if ($skipped === null || $skipped === []) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		$output->writeln(sprintf('<comment>%d file%s could not be restored (damaged or missing on the location):</comment>', count($skipped), count($skipped) === 1 ? '' : 's'));
+		foreach ($skipped as $path => $reason) {
+			$output->writeln("  $path: $reason");
+		}
+		return 2;
 	}
 }
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ final class RestoreFull extends Command {
 			->addOption('force', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'Also on an installation that already has more than one user, and without asking')
 			->addOption('install-apps', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'First install (from the app store) or enable the apps that were enabled at backup time and are missing here')
 			->addOption('skip-missing-tables', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'Older backups only: leave out tables that do not exist here and whose structure the backup does not record')
+			->addOption('salvage', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'Restore what can be restored: leave out files that cannot be read, and when the database cannot be restored, put the files in a folder of their own')
 			->setHelp(<<<'HELP'
 For a FRESH Nextcloud installation only, same major version as the backup, right after
 occ maintenance:install, occ backup:key:import and occ backup:target:add -- before anyone else
@@ -55,6 +56,12 @@ here. Other files under config/ (if any) are not restored.

 Afterwards: check trusted_domains and overwritehost/overwriteprotocol match this server, and
 occ maintenance:repair.
+When the backup is damaged: --salvage restores what can be restored. Files whose data cannot be
+read or decrypted are left out and listed. When the database cannot be restored (its dump is
+damaged, or it does not fit this installation), the database stays as occ maintenance:install
+made it, and the data directory and config of the backup go to ngb-salvage-<snapshot> in the
+data directory instead: from there, the files can be put back by hand. The command then exits
+with code 2.

 Example:
  occ backup:restore:full offsite 537bf7e9c1a4...
@@ -82,29 +89,41 @@ HELP);
 			$target = $this->targets->get($input->getArgument('target'));
 			$snapshot = (string)$input->getArgument('snapshot');
 			$skipMissingTables = (bool)$input->getOption('skip-missing-tables');
+			$salvage = (bool)$input->getOption('salvage');
 			if ($input->getOption('install-apps')) {
-				$check = $this->restoreFull->checkCompatibility($target, $snapshot, $skipMissingTables);
+				$check = $this->restoreFull->checkCompatibility($target, $snapshot, $skipMissingTables, $salvage);
 				foreach ($check['missingApps'] as $app) {
 					$this->installApp($app, $output);
 				}
 			}
 			$output->writeln('Nextcloud is in maintenance mode while the restore runs; it is switched off when the restore completes.');
-			$result = $this->restoreFull->restoreFull($target, $snapshot, $skipMissingTables);
+			$result = $this->restoreFull->restoreFull($target, $snapshot, $skipMissingTables, $salvage);
 		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
 			$output->writeln('<error>' . $e->getMessage() . '</error>');
 			if (\OCP\Server::get(\OCP\IConfig::class)->getSystemValueBool('maintenance', false)) {
 				$output->writeln('The restore had started: the instance may be partly restored, and maintenance mode stays on so that nobody uses it like that.');
 				$output->writeln('Fix the cause, then switch maintenance mode off and run the same command again with --force, in one line:');
 				$again = 'occ backup:restore:full ' . escapeshellarg((string)$input->getArgument('target')) . ' ' . escapeshellarg((string)$input->getArgument('snapshot'))
-					. ($input->getOption('skip-missing-tables') ? ' --skip-missing-tables' : '') . ' --force --no-interaction';
+					. ($input->getOption('skip-missing-tables') ? ' --skip-missing-tables' : '') . ($input->getOption('salvage') ? ' --salvage' : '') . ' --force --no-interaction';
 				$output->writeln('  occ maintenance:mode --off && ' . $again);
 				$output->writeln('(Without --install-apps, so the instance is open only for the seconds until the restore starts again. Apps the first run could not install are listed at the end: install those afterwards.)');
 			} else {
 				$output->writeln('If this happened after the restore had started, the instance may be partly restored: fix the cause and run the same command again with --force.');
 			}
 			$output->writeln('If occ then says that Nextcloud needs an upgrade (the database is already the old server\'s), run occ upgrade first.');
+			if (!$input->getOption('salvage') && Restore::backupLooksDamaged($e)) {
+				$output->writeln('The backup itself looks damaged here. --salvage restores everything that can be read and lists the rest.');
+			}
 			return 1;
 		}
+		if ($result['dbError'] !== null) {
+			$output->writeln('<error>Salvage: ' . $result['dbError'] . '</error>');
+			$output->writeln(sprintf('The database stays as occ maintenance:install made it. The data directory and config of the backup (<info>%d</info> data files) are in:', $result['dataFiles']));
+			$output->writeln('  ' . $result['salvageDir']);
+			$output->writeln('Each user\'s files are in data/<user>/files there. Put back what is needed by hand, for example into the files of new users (then occ files:scan).');
+			Restore::reportSkipped($result['skipped'], $output);
+			return 2;
+		}
 		$output->writeln(sprintf(
 			'Database restored (<info>%d</info> tables, <info>%d</info> unchanged), config merged (<info>%d</info> keys), <info>%d</info> data files restored.',
 			count($result['dbReport']['restored']),
@@ -135,7 +154,12 @@ HELP);
 			$output->writeln('<comment>Maintenance mode was on before the restore and stays on: switch it off with occ maintenance:mode --off when the instance is ready.</comment>');
 		}
 		$output->writeln('Next: check trusted_domains and overwritehost/overwriteprotocol match this server, then occ maintenance:repair.');
-		return 0;
+		$code = 0;
+		if ($result['configError'] !== null) {
+			$output->writeln('<comment>Salvage: config.php of the backup was not merged (' . $result['configError'] . '). Set at least \'instanceid\', \'passwordsalt\' and \'secret\' to the old server\'s values if you have them, or data encrypted with them (server-side encryption, stored passwords) cannot be read.</comment>');
+			$code = 2;
+		}
+		return max($code, Restore::reportSkipped($result['skipped'], $output));
 	}

 	/** Enable an app that is here but switched off, or install it from the app store. */
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ final class RestoreUser extends Command {
 		$this->setName('backup:user:restore')
 			->setDescription('Restore a user from a user_migration export (see backup:user:backup)')
 			->addArgument('target', InputArgument::REQUIRED, 'Location name or id')
-			->addArgument('manifest', InputArgument::REQUIRED, 'Manifest path printed by backup:user:backup (users/<uid>/<exportId>)')
+			->addArgument('manifest', InputArgument::REQUIRED, 'Manifest path printed by backup:user:backup (users/<uid>/<exportId>), or a user id with exactly one export')
 			->addOption('mode', 'm', InputOption::VALUE_REQUIRED, 'replace or as-backup', UserRestoreService::MODE_REPLACE)
 			->addOption('force', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'Replace an existing account without asking (required when not interactive)')
 			->addOption('install-user-migration', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'Install and enable user_migration if it is missing (non-interactive consent)')
@@ -45,16 +45,31 @@ Never imports over a live account. Modes:
             compare and transfer by hand; Nextcloud cannot rename a user id, so the backup gets
             the new name, never the existing account

+occ backup:user:list shows the exports on a location. A user id alone works when that user
+has exactly one export there; with more, the command lists them and you pass one.
+
 Example:
  occ backup:user:restore offsite users/alice/20261005T120000Z-ab12cd34
+  occ backup:user:restore offsite alice
  occ backup:user:restore offsite users/alice/20261005T120000Z-ab12cd34 --mode=as-backup
 HELP);
 	}

 	protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output): int {
 		$mode = (string)$input->getOption('mode');
-		$uid = explode('/', (string)$input->getArgument('manifest'))[1] ?? '';
-		if ($mode === UserRestoreService::MODE_REPLACE && $uid !== '' && $this->userManager->userExists($uid) && !$input->getOption('force')) {
+		try {
+			$target = $this->targets->get($input->getArgument('target'));
+			$ref = (string)$input->getArgument('manifest');
+			$manifest = $this->targets->repository($target)->resolveUserExport($ref);
+		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+			$output->writeln('<error>' . $e->getMessage() . '</error>');
+			return 1;
+		}
+		if ($manifest !== $ref) {
+			$output->writeln("Using $manifest.");
+		}
+		$uid = explode('/', $manifest)[1];
+		if ($mode === UserRestoreService::MODE_REPLACE && $this->userManager->userExists($uid) && !$input->getOption('force')) {
 			// Replace deletes the live account (after a safety export). Shares to others and data of
 			// apps without a user_migration migrator do not come back, so never do it unasked.
 			if (!$input->isInteractive()) {
@@ -69,9 +84,8 @@ HELP);
 		}
 		try {
 			$output->writeln('<comment>Note: on restore, user_migration only imports the app settings on its own allowlist (e.g. calendar view and reminder settings); other app settings of this user are skipped. Reason: NG Backup uses user_migration\'s importer; widening the list would mean building a settings importer of our own.</comment>');
-			$target = $this->targets->get($input->getArgument('target'));
 			$this->installer->ensureEnabled($input, $output);
-			$user = $this->userRestore->restoreUser($target, (string)$input->getArgument('manifest'), $mode);
+			$user = $this->userRestore->restoreUser($target, $manifest, $mode);
 		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
 			$output->writeln('<error>' . $e->getMessage() . '</error>');
 			return 1;
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace OCA\NgBackup\Command;

 use OCA\NgBackup\Db\RunMapper;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Format;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Service\CronHealth;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\KeyService;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Service\Schedule;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\TargetService;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\VerifyService;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Command\Command;
@@ -26,6 +29,8 @@ final class Status extends Command {
 		private TargetService $targets,
 		private RunMapper $runs,
 		private VerifyService $verify,
+		private Schedule $schedule,
+		private CronHealth $cron,
 	) {
 		parent::__construct();
 	}
@@ -36,12 +41,17 @@ final class Status extends Command {
 	}

 	protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output): int {
+		$zone = $this->schedule->get()['timezone'];
+		$cronProblem = CronHealth::describe($this->cron->check());
+		if ($cronProblem !== null) {
+			$output->writeln('<error>' . $cronProblem . '</error>');
+		}
 		if (!$this->keys->isInitialized()) {
 			$output->writeln('Key: <error>not created</error> (occ backup:key:init)');
 		} else {
 			$c = $this->keys->recoveryKitConfirmation();
 			$output->writeln('Key: ' . $this->keys->fingerprint() . ', recovery kit '
-				. ($c ? 'confirmed by ' . $c['uid'] . ' on ' . date('Y-m-d H:i', $c['time']) : '<error>not confirmed</error> (occ backup:key:confirm)'));
+				. ($c ? 'confirmed by ' . $c['uid'] . ' on ' . Format::time($c['time'], $zone) . " ($zone)" : '<error>not confirmed</error> (occ backup:key:confirm)'));
 		}
 		$names = [];
 		foreach ($this->targets->list() as $t) {
@@ -53,13 +63,13 @@ final class Status extends Command {
 		$shown = $this->runs->findShown($all ? null : time() - self::RECENT_DAYS * 86400);
 		foreach ($shown as $r) {
 			$s = json_decode($r->getStats() ?? '{}', true)['files'] ?? [];
-			$rows[] = [$r->getId(), $names[$r->getTargetId()] ?? '#' . $r->getTargetId(), $r->getKind(), $r->getStatus() . ($r->getStatus() === 'running' ? ' (' . $r->getPhase() . self::percent($r) . ')' : ''),
-				date('Y-m-d H:i', $r->getStartedAt()), $r->getFinishedAt() ? \OCA\NgBackup\Format::duration($r->getFinishedAt() - $r->getStartedAt()) : '',
+			$rows[] = [$r->getId(), $names[$r->getTargetId()] ?? '#' . $r->getTargetId(), $r->getKind(), $r->getStatus() === 'running' ? self::runningStatus($r) : $r->getStatus(),
+				Format::time($r->getStartedAt(), $zone), $r->getFinishedAt() ? Format::duration($r->getFinishedAt() - $r->getStartedAt()) : '',
 				$s['files'] ?? '', isset($s['bytes']) ? self::size((int)$s['bytes']) : '',
 				isset($s['uploaded']) ? self::size((int)$s['uploaded']) : '', mb_strimwidth((string)$r->getError(), 0, 50, '…')];
 		}
 		if ($rows !== []) {
-			(new Table($output))->setHeaders(['run', 'location', 'kind', 'status', 'started', 'took', 'files', 'size', 'uploaded', 'error'])->setRows($rows)->render();
+			(new Table($output))->setHeaders(['run', 'location', 'kind', 'status', "started ($zone)", 'took', 'files', 'size', 'uploaded', 'error'])->setRows($rows)->render();
 		}
 		$older = $all ? 0 : $this->runs->countAll() - count($shown);
 		if ($older > 0) {
@@ -84,8 +94,24 @@ final class Status extends Command {
 		return sprintf('%.1f TiB', $b);
 	}

+	/** " 47/183 tables" in the database phase, " 68%" or " ~68%" in the files phase; empty without a figure */
 	private static function percent(\OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run $r): string {
 		$p = \OCA\NgBackup\Job\BackupRun::progressOf($r);
-		return $p === null ? '' : sprintf(' %s%d%%', $p['approximate'] ? '~' : '', (int)floor($p['fraction'] * 100.0));
+		if ($p === null) {
+			return '';
+		}
+		if (isset($p['tables'], $p['totalTables'])) {
+			return sprintf(': %d/%d tables', $p['tables'], $p['totalTables']);
+		}
+		return sprintf(' %s%d%%', $p['approximate'] ? '~' : '', (int)floor($p['fraction'] * 100.0));
+	}
+
+	/** "running (db: 47/183 tables)", or "waiting for background jobs (last step 12 min ago)" */
+	private static function runningStatus(\OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run $r): string {
+		$waiting = $r->getKind() === \OCA\NgBackup\Service\BackupService::KIND_FULL ? CronHealth::waitingFor($r) : null;
+		if ($waiting !== null) {
+			return 'waiting for background jobs (' . $r->getPhase() . self::percent($r) . ', last step ' . CronHealth::ago($waiting) . ')';
+		}
+		return 'running (' . $r->getPhase() . self::percent($r) . ')';
 	}
 }
@@ -88,19 +88,21 @@ HELP);
 	 * @return callable(int, int): void
 	 */
 	private static function progress(OutputInterface $output): callable {
-		$start = microtime(true);
 		$shown = 0.0;
+		$first = null; // [time, files done] when the first files were in
 		$inPlace = $output->isDecorated();
-		return static function (int $done, int $total) use ($output, $start, &$shown, $inPlace): void {
+		return static function (int $done, int $total) use ($output, &$shown, &$first, $inPlace): void {
 			$now = microtime(true);
+			if ($first === null && $done > 0) {
+				$first = [$now, $done];
+			}
 			if ($done < $total && $now - $shown < ($inPlace ? 1 : 30)) {
 				return;
 			}
 			$shown = $now;
 			$line = sprintf('Reading the index: %s/%s files (%d%%)', number_format($done), number_format($total), intdiv(100 * $done, max(1, $total)));
-			$elapsed = $now - $start;
-			if ($done < $total && $done > 0 && $elapsed >= 5) {
-				$left = (int)ceil($elapsed / (float)$done * (float)($total - $done) / 60.0);
+			$left = $first === null ? null : self::minutesLeft($now - $first[0], $done - $first[1], $total - $done, $total);
+			if ($left !== null) {
 				$line .= $left <= 1 ? ', less than a minute left' : sprintf(', about %d min left', $left);
 			}
 			if ($inPlace) {
@@ -110,4 +112,17 @@ HELP);
 			}
 		};
 	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Minutes left for reading the index, from the rate since the first files were in: the first
+	 * file also carries the time to connect, which made an S3 location with 4,568 index files
+	 * say "about 642 min left" for something done within a minute. No estimate until 5% of the
+	 * files, or 50 files, came in after that, and at least 5 seconds passed.
+	 */
+	public static function minutesLeft(float $elapsed, int $done, int $left, int $total): ?int {
+		if ($left <= 0 || $done <= 0 || $elapsed < 5.0 || ($done < 50 && $done * 20 < $total)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return (int)ceil($elapsed / (float)$done * (float)$left / 60.0);
+	}
 }
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ declare(strict_types=1);

 namespace OCA\NgBackup\Command;

+use OCA\NgBackup\Format;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\KeyService;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Service\Schedule;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\TargetService;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Command\Command;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Helper\Table;
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ final class Trash extends Command {
 	public function __construct(
 		private TargetService $targets,
 		private KeyService $keys,
+		private Schedule $schedule,
 	) {
 		parent::__construct();
 	}
@@ -32,11 +35,14 @@ final class Trash extends Command {
 	protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output): int {
 		$name = $input->getArgument('target');
 		$delay = $this->keys->deleteDelayDays() * 86400;
+		$zone = $this->schedule->get()['timezone'];
 		$rows = [];
 		foreach ($name === null ? $this->targets->list() : [$this->targets->get($name)] as $t) {
 			foreach ($this->targets->repository($t)->trash() as $id => $info) {
-				$rows[] = [$t->getName(), $id, (string)($info['time'] ?? ''), $info['label'], date('Y-m-d H:i', $info['forgottenAt']), $info['by'],
-					date('Y-m-d H:i', $info['forgottenAt'] + $delay)];
+				$time = $info['time'] ?? null;
+				$made = is_string($time) ? strtotime($time) : false;
+				$rows[] = [$t->getName(), $id, $made !== false ? Format::time($made, $zone) : '', $info['label'], Format::time($info['forgottenAt'], $zone), $info['by'],
+					Format::time($info['forgottenAt'] + $delay, $zone)];
 			}
 		}
 		if ($rows === []) {
@@ -44,6 +50,7 @@ final class Trash extends Command {
 			return 0;
 		}
 		(new Table($output))->setHeaders(['location', 'snapshot', 'made', 'label', 'removed', 'by', 'deleted after'])->setRows($rows)->render();
+		$output->writeln("Times in $zone. The retention policy keeps the newest snapshots and the last of each recent day, week and month; it moves the others here, and they are deleted permanently after " . $this->keys->deleteDelayDays() . ' days.');
 		return 0;
 	}
 }
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ final class AdminApiController extends Controller {
 		private \OCA\NgBackup\Service\KeySlotService $slots,
 		private \OCA\NgBackup\Service\PruneService $prune,
 		private \OCA\NgBackup\Service\Schedule $schedule,
+		private \OCA\NgBackup\Service\CronHealth $cron,
 	) {
 		parent::__construct(Application::APP_ID, $request);
 	}
@@ -75,9 +76,41 @@ final class AdminApiController extends Controller {
 			'recentDays' => \OCA\NgBackup\Command\Status::RECENT_DAYS,
 			'schedule' => $this->schedule->get()['time'],
 			'scheduleTimezone' => $this->schedule->get()['timezone'],
+			'cron' => $this->cron->check(),
 		]);
 	}

+	/** Seconds of backup work one tick() does: well within a normal web request. */
+	public const TICK_SECONDS = 10.0;
+	/** Seconds one request for the Bin reads, before the page shows how far it is and asks for more. */
+	private const TRASH_PAGE_SECONDS = 5.0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Move running backups forward from the open admin page, when background jobs do not run on a
+	 * working system cron (#13). The page calls this while a backup runs, so "Back up now" works
+	 * without cron as long as the page stays open; scheduled backups still need cron. With a
+	 * working system cron this does nothing: the background job does the work.
+	 */
+	public function tick(): JSONResponse {
+		if ($this->cron->check()['ok']) {
+			return new JSONResponse(['stepped' => 0]);
+		}
+		$deadline = microtime(true) + self::TICK_SECONDS;
+		$stepped = 0;
+		$running = $this->runs->findRunning(null, BackupService::KIND_FULL);
+		// Longest wait first: a run that takes all of a tick does not keep another from its turn.
+		usort($running, static fn ($a, $b) => $a->getUpdatedAt() <=> $b->getUpdatedAt());
+		foreach ($running as $run) {
+			if (microtime(true) >= $deadline) {
+				break;
+			}
+			// step() returns at once when the background job (or another tab) holds the run.
+			$this->backups->step($run, $deadline);
+			$stepped++;
+		}
+		return new JSONResponse(['stepped' => $stepped]);
+	}
+
 	#[PasswordConfirmationRequired]
 	public function initKey(string $passphrase, int $deleteDelayDays = \OCA\NgBackup\Service\KeyService::DEFAULT_DELETE_DELAY, string $label = 'Slot 1'): JSONResponse {
 		try {
@@ -146,15 +179,18 @@ final class AdminApiController extends Controller {
 		}
 	}

-	public function trash(int $targetId): JSONResponse {
+	public function trash(int $targetId, string $after = ''): JSONResponse {
 		try {
 			$delay = $this->keys->deleteDelayDays() * 86400;
+			$repo = $this->targets->repository($this->targets->get((string)$targetId));
+			// In parts, so that the page can show how far it is (a read per removed restore point).
+			$page = $repo->trashPage($after, microtime(true) + self::TRASH_PAGE_SECONDS);
 			$out = [];
-			foreach ($this->targets->repository($this->targets->get((string)$targetId))->trash() as $id => $info) {
+			foreach ($page['items'] as $id => $info) {
 				$out[] = ['id' => $id, 'label' => $info['label'], 'time' => $info['time'], 'removedAt' => $info['forgottenAt'],
 					'by' => $info['by'], 'deleteAfter' => $info['forgottenAt'] + $delay];
 			}
-			return new JSONResponse($out);
+			return new JSONResponse(['total' => $page['total'], 'items' => $out]);
 		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
 			return new JSONResponse(['error' => $e->getMessage()], Http::STATUS_BAD_REQUEST);
 		}
@@ -313,6 +349,7 @@ final class AdminApiController extends Controller {
 		return ['id' => $r->getId(), 'targetId' => $r->getTargetId(), 'kind' => $r->getKind(), 'status' => $r->getStatus(),
 			'phase' => $r->getPhase(), 'snapshotId' => $r->getSnapshotId(), 'snapshot' => $snapshot, 'startedAt' => $r->getStartedAt(),
 			'updatedAt' => $r->getUpdatedAt(), 'finishedAt' => $r->getFinishedAt(), 'error' => $r->getError(),
-			'stats' => json_decode($r->getStats() ?? 'null', true), 'progress' => \OCA\NgBackup\Job\BackupRun::progressOf($r)];
+			'stats' => json_decode($r->getStats() ?? 'null', true), 'progress' => \OCA\NgBackup\Job\BackupRun::progressOf($r),
+			'waitingFor' => $r->getKind() === BackupService::KIND_FULL ? \OCA\NgBackup\Service\CronHealth::waitingFor($r) : null];
 	}
 }
@@ -157,19 +157,29 @@ final class DbDumper {
 		}
 		// Tables the backup knows the structure of are created first (DDL is not transactional
 		// everywhere); tables it does not know are left out, as asked.
-		foreach ($missing as $table) {
-			if (isset($manifest['tables'][$table]['schema'])) {
-				$this->db->createSchemaManager()->createTable(self::tableFromStructure($table, $manifest['tables'][$table]['schema'], $this->tableOptions()));
-				$report['created'][] = $table;
-			} else {
-				$report['missing'][] = $table;
+		try {
+			foreach ($missing as $table) {
+				if (isset($manifest['tables'][$table]['schema'])) {
+					$report['created'][] = $table; // first: creating it can stop halfway (its indexes)
+					$this->db->createSchemaManager()->createTable(self::tableFromStructure($table, $manifest['tables'][$table]['schema'], $this->tableOptions()));
+				} else {
+					$report['missing'][] = $table;
+				}
 			}
+		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+			$this->dropCreatedTables($report);
+			throw $e;
 		}
 		$total = 0;
 		$foreignKeys = [];
-		$this->db->beginTransaction();
 		try {
-			$foreignKeys = $this->suspendForeignKeys();
+			$this->db->beginTransaction();
+		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+			$this->dropCreatedTables($report);
+			throw $e;
+		}
+		try {
+			$foreignKeys = $this->suspendForeignKeys(); // first: on SQLite it also takes the write lock
 			foreach ($manifest['tables'] as $table => $info) {
 				if (in_array($table, $report['missing'], true)) {
 					continue;
@@ -220,21 +230,6 @@ final class DbDumper {
 			$this->restoreSequences($manifest['sequences'] ?? [], $report['missing'], array_merge($report['restored'], $report['skipped']));
 			$this->resumeForeignKeys($foreignKeys);
 			$this->db->commit();
-			// Foreign keys of the tables created above, now their rows are in. Not inside the
-			// transaction: MySQL commits on DDL. A failure is reported, not fatal: the data is
-			// restored either way.
-			foreach ($report['created'] as $table) {
-				$structure = $manifest['tables'][$table]['schema'] ?? [];
-				foreach ($structure['foreignKeys'] ?? [] as $fk) {
-					try {
-						$this->db->createSchemaManager()->createForeignKey(
-							new \Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\ForeignKeyConstraint($fk['columns'], $fk['table'], $fk['foreign'], $fk['name'], $fk['options'] ?? []),
-							$table);
-					} catch (\Throwable $e) {
-						$report['foreignKeyErrors'][] = $table . '.' . $fk['name'] . ': ' . $e->getMessage();
-					}
-				}
-			}
 		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
 			$this->db->rollBack();
 			// PostgreSQL rolls the dropped foreign keys back with the transaction; MySQL's session
@@ -242,11 +237,44 @@ final class DbDumper {
 			if (in_array('SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1', $foreignKeys, true)) {
 				$this->db->executeStatement('SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1');
 			}
+			$this->dropCreatedTables($report);
 			throw $e;
 		}
+		// Committed. Foreign keys of the tables created above, now their rows are in. Not inside the
+		// transaction: MySQL commits on DDL. A failure is reported, not fatal: the data is restored
+		// either way, and the created tables stay.
+		foreach ($report['created'] as $table) {
+			$structure = $manifest['tables'][$table]['schema'] ?? [];
+			foreach ($structure['foreignKeys'] ?? [] as $fk) {
+				try {
+					$this->db->createSchemaManager()->createForeignKey(
+						new \Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\ForeignKeyConstraint($fk['columns'], $fk['table'], $fk['foreign'], $fk['name'], $fk['options'] ?? []),
+						$table);
+				} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+					$report['foreignKeyErrors'][] = $table . '.' . $fk['name'] . ': ' . $e->getMessage();
+				}
+			}
+		}
 		return $total;
 	}

+	/**
+	 * The restore did not go through: a rollback does not undo CREATE TABLE everywhere. Left behind,
+	 * the empty tables of an app would stop that app's installation later ("table already exists").
+	 *
+	 * @param array{created: list<string>, ...} $report
+	 */
+	private function dropCreatedTables(array &$report): void {
+		foreach ($report['created'] as $table) {
+			try {
+				$this->db->createSchemaManager()->dropTable($table);
+			} catch (\Throwable) {
+				// the error that brought us here is the one to report; a run again uses the table
+			}
+		}
+		$report['created'] = [];
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * The table prefix of the instance the dump was made on (from its appconfig table), or null
 	 * when the dump has none.
@@ -412,6 +440,12 @@ final class DbDumper {
 			return $checks;
 		}
 		if ($platform instanceof \Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\SqlitePlatform) {
+			// SQLite (WAL) starts a transaction as a reader. When another process (a cron job, the
+			// installer still finishing) writes between our first read and our first write, that
+			// write fails at once with "database is locked": no waiting helps a reader whose view
+			// is out of date. Take the write lock first, so we wait for the other writer instead
+			// and it waits for us after that.
+			$this->db->executeStatement('DELETE FROM ' . $this->db->quoteIdentifier($this->prefix . 'appconfig') . ' WHERE 0 = 1');
 			$this->db->executeStatement('PRAGMA defer_foreign_keys = ON'); // checked at commit
 		}
 		return [];
@@ -15,4 +15,14 @@ final class Format {
 		$time = gmdate('H:i:s', $seconds % 86400);
 		return $days > 0 ? $days . 'd ' . $time : $time;
 	}
+
+	/**
+	 * "2026-10-29 04:30" in $zone. Nextcloud runs PHP in UTC; occ shows times in the zone of the
+	 * schedule, the administrator's, as the web interface does.
+	 *
+	 * @param non-empty-string $zone
+	 */
+	public static function time(int $timestamp, string $zone): string {
+		return (new \DateTimeImmutable('@' . $timestamp))->setTimezone(new \DateTimeZone($zone))->format('Y-m-d H:i');
+	}
 }
@@ -55,9 +55,32 @@ final class BackupRun {
 			});
 			$parent = new ParentCursor($repo, $state['parent'], $state['parentPos']);
 			$lines = [];
+			$emptyDirs = [];
 			$finishedWalk = true;

 			foreach ($walker->walk($state['after']) as $logical => $path) {
+				if (!mb_check_encoding($logical, 'UTF-8') || !Repository::isSafePath($logical)) {
+					// A name a snapshot cannot hold (a backslash, a control character, not UTF-8). One
+					// such path must not make a backup fail, or the whole snapshot unreadable later.
+					// The cursor stays where it is: the state is JSON, which cannot hold such a name. A
+					// next step meets it again, and it is reported once.
+					self::recordUnreadable($state, $stats, mb_scrub($logical, 'UTF-8'));
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (is_dir($path)) {
+					$mtime = @filemtime($path);
+					if ($mtime === false) {
+						continue; // removed while walking
+					}
+					$emptyDirs[] = json_encode([$logical, $mtime], JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES | JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+					$stats['emptyDirs'] = ($stats['emptyDirs'] ?? 0) + 1;
+					$state['after'] = $logical;
+					if (microtime(true) >= $deadline) {
+						$finishedWalk = false;
+						break;
+					}
+					continue;
+				}
 				$version = Repository::fileVersion($path);
 				if ($version === 'missing') {
 					continue; // deleted while walking
@@ -136,6 +159,11 @@ final class BackupRun {
 				$writer->write(implode("\n", $lines) . "\n");
 				$state['segments'][] = $writer->finish();
 			}
+			if ($emptyDirs !== []) {
+				$writer = $repo->blobWriter($stats);
+				$writer->write(implode("\n", $emptyDirs) . "\n");
+				$state['dirSegments'][] = $writer->finish();
+			}
 			$repo->flushPacks();
 			$state['parentPos'] = $parent->position();
 			$state['stats'] = $stats;
@@ -150,10 +178,18 @@ final class BackupRun {
 		if ($state['phase'] === 'finish') {
 			// Every segment ends with a newline, so they read as one stream: fetched together,
 			// several at a time where the location allows it.
+			// Empty folders go in the meta record, not between the files: a version that does not
+			// know them reads the snapshot as before, and only restores no empty folders.
+			$emptyDirs = [];
+			foreach (isset($state['dirSegments']) ? $repo->readLines(array_values(array_merge(...$state['dirSegments']))) : [] as $line) {
+				if ($line !== '') {
+					$emptyDirs[] = json_decode($line, true, 8, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+				}
+			}
 			$repo->putSnapshot($state['snapshot'],
 				['time' => $state['started'], 'parent' => $state['parent'], 'label' => $state['label'],
 					'roots' => array_keys($state['roots']), 'stats' => $state['stats'],
-					'warnings' => self::warnings($state)] + $state['meta'],
+					'warnings' => self::warnings($state)] + ($emptyDirs === [] ? [] : ['emptyDirs' => $emptyDirs]) + $state['meta'],
 				$repo->readLines(array_values(array_merge(...$state['segments']))));
 			$state['phase'] = 'commit';
 		}
@@ -176,12 +212,12 @@ final class BackupRun {
 	}

 	/**
-	 * progress() of a run, while it is in its files phase.
+	 * progress() of a run in its files phase; in its database phase, the tables dumped so far.
 	 *
-	 * @return array{fraction: float, approximate: bool}|null
+	 * @return array{fraction: float, approximate: bool, tables?: int, totalTables?: int}|null
 	 */
 	public static function progressOf(\OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run $run): ?array {
-		if ($run->getStatus() !== \OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run::RUNNING || $run->getPhase() !== 'files') {
+		if ($run->getStatus() !== \OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run::RUNNING || !in_array($run->getPhase(), ['db', 'files'], true)) {
 			return null;
 		}
 		try {
@@ -189,6 +225,14 @@ final class BackupRun {
 		} catch (\JsonException) {
 			return null;
 		}
+		if ($run->getPhase() === 'db') {
+			// Tables dumped so far, as of the last step (none known before the first step ends)
+			$tables = count($state['dump']['tables'] ?? []);
+			return $tables > 0
+				? ['fraction' => min(1.0, ($state['dump']['i'] ?? 0) / $tables), 'approximate' => false,
+					'tables' => (int)($state['dump']['i'] ?? 0), 'totalTables' => $tables]
+				: null;
+		}
 		return is_array($state['files'] ?? null) ? self::progress($state['files']) : null;
 	}

@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ namespace OCA\NgBackup\Job;

 /**
 * Walks one or more source roots in a stable depth-first order (entries of a directory sorted
- * by name, children right after their directory), yielding "<root>/<relative path>" for files.
+ * by name, children right after their directory), yielding "<root>/<relative path>" for files
+ * and for directories with nothing in them to walk (the caller tells them apart with is_dir()).
+ * A root itself without a name is never yielded.
 *
 * The same order is used for comparing paths (compare()), so a walk can resume after a cursor
 * and be merge-joined with the previous snapshot without holding any list in memory.
@@ -66,6 +68,7 @@ final class TreeWalker {
 		}
 		$names = array_values(array_diff($names, ['.', '..']));
 		sort($names, SORT_STRING);
+		$empty = true; // no file or directory below it that is walked, whatever the cursor skips
 		foreach ($names as $name) {
 			$childLogical = $logical === '' ? $name : $logical . '/' . $name;
 			$childAbs = $abs . '/' . $name;
@@ -73,20 +76,26 @@ final class TreeWalker {
 				continue; // never follow symlinks out of the data directory
 			}
 			if (is_dir($childAbs)) {
+				$empty = $empty && $this->isExcluded($childLogical, true);
 				// Skip a directory entirely if everything in it sorts before the cursor.
 				if ($after !== null && self::compare($childLogical, $after) < 0 && !self::isPrefix($childLogical, $after)) {
 					continue;
 				}
 				yield from $this->walkDir($childAbs, $childLogical, $after);
 			} elseif (is_file($childAbs)) {
+				$excluded = $this->isExcluded($childLogical, false);
+				$empty = $empty && $excluded;
 				if ($after !== null && self::compare($childLogical, $after) <= 0) {
 					continue;
 				}
-				if (!$this->isExcluded($childLogical, false)) {
+				if (!$excluded) {
 					yield $childLogical => $childAbs;
 				}
 			}
 		}
+		if ($empty && $logical !== '' && ($after === null || self::compare($logical, $after) > 0)) {
+			yield $logical => $abs;
+		}
 	}

 	private function isExcluded(string $logical, bool $isDir): bool {
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ final class Repository {
 	private ?int $maxBytes = null;
 	private Catalog $catalog;
 	private PackReader $packReader;
+	/** @var array<string, array<string, mixed>> meta record of the snapshot read last */
+	private array $lastMeta = [];
 	/** verify() lists the pack folders from this many packs on (see presentPacks()); tests lower it. */
 	public int $listPacksAbove = 256;

@@ -214,20 +216,28 @@ final class Repository {
 	}

 	/**
-	 * Restore a snapshot (or only paths starting with $prefix) into a local directory.
+	 * Restore a snapshot (or only paths starting with $prefix) into a local directory. A $prefix
+	 * "dir/file/" also restores the file "dir/file" itself.
 	 *
 	 * @param bool $stripPrefix write "$target/<path without $prefix>" instead of
 	 *             "$target/<full logical path>" (disaster recovery: restoring e.g. "data/" or
 	 *             "config/" directly into the real data/config directory, not a subdirectory
 	 *             named after the prefix). Ignored when $prefix is '' (nothing to strip).
+	 * @param array<string, string>|null $skipped salvage: an array to collect the files that could
+	 *             not be read or decrypted (path => reason), which are then left out instead of
+	 *             stopping the restore; null (default) stops at the first such file
+	 * @param bool $keepUnchanged leave a file that is already in place with the size and
+	 *             modification time of the snapshot, as a backup takes such a file as unchanged:
+	 *             a restore that was stopped and runs again goes on where it was, without reading
+	 *             what it already restored from the location again
 	 */
-	public function restore(string $snapshotId, string $target, string $prefix = '', bool $stripPrefix = false, ?callable $heartbeat = null): int {
+	public function restore(string $snapshotId, string $target, string $prefix = '', bool $stripPrefix = false, ?callable $heartbeat = null, ?array &$skipped = null, bool $keepUnchanged = false): int {
 		if ($prefix !== '' && !self::isSafePath(rtrim($prefix, '/'))) {
 			throw new RepositoryException('Invalid path prefix');
 		}
-		$plan = $this->readAhead($snapshotId, $prefix, $target);
+		$plan = $this->readAhead($snapshotId, $prefix, $target, $stripPrefix, $keepUnchanged);
 		try {
-			return $this->restoreEntries($snapshotId, $target, $prefix, $stripPrefix, $heartbeat, $plan);
+			return $this->restoreEntries($snapshotId, $target, $prefix, $stripPrefix, $heartbeat, $plan, $skipped, $keepUnchanged);
 		} finally {
 			$plan?->close();
 			if ($plan !== null) {
@@ -241,19 +251,32 @@ final class Repository {
 	 * pass over the snapshot lists the ranges of packs it needs, in order. The spool is a
 	 * folder in the target, which has room for the restore anyway.
 	 */
-	private function readAhead(string $snapshotId, string $prefix, string $target): ?ReadAheadPlan {
+	private function readAhead(string $snapshotId, string $prefix, string $target, bool $stripPrefix, bool $keepUnchanged): ?ReadAheadPlan {
 		if (!$this->backend instanceof IReadsAhead || !$this->backend->canReadAhead()) {
 			return null;
 		}
-		// what a restore that was stopped left behind: empty, its files were unlinked when opened
+		// what a restore that was stopped left behind: its files are unlinked once opened, but one
+		// that was being written when the process was killed stays (8 MiB, DR test 2026-11-05)
 		$stale = glob(rtrim($target, '/') . '/.ngb-restore-spool-*', GLOB_ONLYDIR);
 		foreach ($stale === false ? [] : $stale as $dir) {
+			if (is_link($dir) || preg_match('/^\.ngb-restore-spool-[0-9a-f]{8}$/', basename($dir)) !== 1) {
+				continue; // not a spool of ours, whatever it is called
+			}
+			$files = glob($dir . '/*');
+			foreach ($files === false ? [] : $files as $file) {
+				if (is_file($file) && !is_link($file)) {
+					@unlink($file);
+				}
+			}
 			@rmdir($dir);
 		}
 		$plan = new ReadAheadPlan(rtrim($target, '/') . '/.ngb-restore-spool-' . bin2hex(random_bytes(4)));
 		try {
 			foreach ($this->streamEntries($snapshotId) as $entry) {
-				if ($prefix !== '' && !str_starts_with($entry['p'], $prefix)) {
+				if (!self::underPrefix($entry['p'], $prefix)) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				if ($keepUnchanged && self::inPlace(self::destination($target, $entry['p'], $prefix, $stripPrefix), $entry)) {
 					continue;
 				}
 				foreach ($entry['b'] as $id) {
@@ -284,53 +307,213 @@ final class Repository {
 		return $plan;
 	}

-	private function restoreEntries(string $snapshotId, string $target, string $prefix, bool $stripPrefix, ?callable $heartbeat, ?ReadAheadPlan $plan): int {
+	/** @param array<string, string>|null $skipped see restore() */
+	private function restoreEntries(string $snapshotId, string $target, string $prefix, bool $stripPrefix, ?callable $heartbeat, ?ReadAheadPlan $plan, ?array &$skipped, bool $keepUnchanged): int {
 		$count = 0;
+		$cleaned = [];
 		foreach ($this->streamEntries($snapshotId) as $entry) {
-			if ($prefix !== '' && !str_starts_with($entry['p'], $prefix)) {
+			if (!self::underPrefix($entry['p'], $prefix)) {
 				continue;
 			}
-			$relPath = ($stripPrefix && $prefix !== '') ? substr($entry['p'], strlen(rtrim($prefix, '/')) + 1) : $entry['p'];
-			$dest = rtrim($target, '/') . '/' . $relPath;
-			if (!is_dir(dirname($dest))) {
-				mkdir(dirname($dest), 0700, true);
+			if ($heartbeat !== null) {
+				$heartbeat(); // also for a long row of files that are skipped or have no data
 			}
-			// Defence in depth: the resolved directory must stay below the target (no symlink escapes).
-			$base = realpath($target);
-			$dir = realpath(dirname($dest));
-			if ($base === false || $dir === false || ($dir !== $base && !str_starts_with($dir, $base . '/')) || is_link($dest)) {
-				throw new RepositoryException('Refusing to write outside the restore directory: ' . $entry['p']);
+			$dest = self::destination($target, $entry['p'], $prefix, $stripPrefix);
+			$dir = self::directoryInTarget($target, dirname($dest), $entry['p']);
+			if (is_link($dest)) {
+				throw new RestoreTargetException('Refusing to write outside the restore directory: ' . $entry['p']);
+			}
+			if (!isset($cleaned[$dir])) {
+				self::removeStaleTemporaries($dir);
+				$cleaned[$dir] = true;
+			}
+			if ($keepUnchanged && self::inPlace($dest, $entry)) {
+				$count++;
+				continue;
 			}
 			// Write next to the destination and rename after all blobs verified: at most one file
 			// is ever present twice.
 			$tmp = $dest . '.ngb-restore-' . bin2hex(random_bytes(6));
 			$out = @fopen($tmp, 'xb'); // fails if anything (including a symlink) already exists there
 			if ($out === false) {
-				throw new RepositoryException('Cannot create a temporary file for ' . $entry['p']);
+				throw new RestoreTargetException('Cannot create a temporary file for ' . $entry['p'] . ' (disk full, or no permission?)');
 			}
-			foreach ($entry['b'] as $id) {
-				fwrite($out, $this->restoreBlob($id, $plan));
-				if ($heartbeat !== null) {
-					$heartbeat();
+			try {
+				foreach ($entry['b'] as $id) {
+					self::writeAll($out, $this->restoreBlob($id, $plan), $entry['p']);
+					if ($heartbeat !== null) {
+						$heartbeat();
+					}
 				}
-			}
-			fclose($out);
-			if (filesize($tmp) !== $entry['s']) {
-				unlink($tmp);
-				throw new RepositoryException('Size mismatch restoring ' . $entry['p']);
+				if (!@fclose($out)) {
+					throw new RestoreTargetException('Cannot write ' . $entry['p'] . ' to the restore directory (disk full?)');
+				}
+				clearstatcache(true, $tmp);
+				if (filesize($tmp) !== $entry['s']) {
+					throw new RepositoryException('Size mismatch restoring ' . $entry['p']);
+				}
+			} catch (RepositoryException|BackendException|\OCA\NgBackup\Crypto\CryptoException $e) {
+				// What the location gave back for this file is missing or damaged. Writing to the
+				// target (below) is not part of this: a full disk must still stop the restore.
+				if (is_resource($out)) {
+					fclose($out);
+				}
+				@unlink($tmp);
+				if ($skipped === null) {
+					throw $e;
+				}
+				$skipped[$entry['p']] = $e->getMessage();
+				continue;
+			} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+				if (is_resource($out)) {
+					@fclose($out);
+				}
+				@unlink($tmp);
+				throw $e;
 			}
 			if (!rename($tmp, $dest)) {
 				@unlink($tmp);
-				throw new RepositoryException('Cannot put the restored file in place: ' . $entry['p']);
+				throw new RestoreTargetException('Cannot put the restored file in place: ' . $entry['p']);
 			}
 			if (!touch($dest, $entry['m'])) {
-				throw new RepositoryException('Cannot set the modification time of ' . $entry['p']);
+				throw new RestoreTargetException('Cannot set the modification time of ' . $entry['p']);
 			}
 			$count++;
 		}
+		// Last: a file can only be restored into a folder that exists, and the meta record was
+		// read along with the files, so this asks nothing more of the location.
+		foreach ($this->emptyDirs($snapshotId) as [$path, $mtime]) {
+			if (self::underPrefix($path, $prefix)) {
+				if ($heartbeat !== null) {
+					$heartbeat();
+				}
+				// The prefix itself, stripped, is the target (for a file it is the file's name there).
+				$dest = $stripPrefix && $path === rtrim($prefix, '/') ? rtrim($target, '/') : self::destination($target, $path, $prefix, $stripPrefix);
+				self::restoreEmptyDir($target, $dest, $path, $mtime);
+			}
+		}
 		return $count;
 	}

+	/**
+	 * The folders without anything in them that a snapshot recorded (none before 1.0.3).
+	 *
+	 * @return list<array{0: string, 1: int}> path, modification time
+	 */
+	public function emptyDirs(string $snapshotId): array {
+		$meta = $this->lastMeta[$snapshotId] ?? $this->snapshotMeta($snapshotId);
+		$dirs = [];
+		foreach (is_array($meta['emptyDirs'] ?? null) ? $meta['emptyDirs'] : [] as $dir) {
+			// One folder that makes no sense is no reason to give up on the files of a restore.
+			if (is_array($dir) && is_string($dir[0] ?? null) && self::isSafePath($dir[0]) && is_int($dir[1] ?? null)) {
+				$dirs[] = [$dir[0], $dir[1]];
+			}
+		}
+		return $dirs;
+	}
+
+	private static function restoreEmptyDir(string $target, string $dest, string $path, int $mtime): void {
+		if (is_link($dest)) {
+			throw new RestoreTargetException('Refusing to write outside the restore directory: ' . $path);
+		}
+		$existed = is_dir($dest);
+		self::directoryInTarget($target, $dest, $path);
+		if (!$existed && !@touch($dest, $mtime)) {
+			throw new RestoreTargetException('Cannot set the modification time of ' . $path);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Make sure a folder exists below the target, without following a link out of it: what exists
+	 * of the path is checked before anything is created.
+	 *
+	 * @return string the folder's real path
+	 */
+	private static function directoryInTarget(string $target, string $dir, string $path): string {
+		if (!is_dir($target) && !@mkdir($target, 0700, true) && !is_dir($target)) {
+			throw new RestoreTargetException('Cannot create the restore directory ' . $target);
+		}
+		$base = realpath($target);
+		$existing = $dir;
+		while (!file_exists($existing) && !is_link($existing) && dirname($existing) !== $existing) {
+			$existing = dirname($existing);
+		}
+		$real = realpath($existing);
+		if ($base === false || $real === false || ($real !== $base && !str_starts_with($real, $base . '/'))) {
+			throw new RestoreTargetException('Refusing to write outside the restore directory: ' . $path);
+		}
+		if ($existing === $dir) {
+			if (!is_dir($real)) {
+				throw new RestoreTargetException('Cannot create the folder for ' . $path . ': a file is in the way');
+			}
+			return $real;
+		}
+		if (!@mkdir($dir, 0700, true) && !is_dir($dir)) {
+			throw new RestoreTargetException('Cannot create the folder for ' . $path . ' (disk full, no permission, or a file in the way?)');
+		}
+		return (string)realpath($dir);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Write all of $data, or stop: a short write leaves a file that looks damaged only by its size.
+	 * A write may take only part of the data and still be fine; one that takes nothing is not.
+	 *
+	 * @param resource $out
+	 */
+	public static function writeAll($out, string $data, string $path): void {
+		while ($data !== '') {
+			$written = @fwrite($out, $data);
+			if ($written === false || $written === 0) {
+				throw new RestoreTargetException('Cannot write ' . $path . ' to the restore directory (disk full?)');
+			}
+			$data = substr($data, $written);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Where restore() writes the snapshot path $path. */
+	private static function destination(string $target, string $path, string $prefix, bool $stripPrefix): string {
+		$relPath = $path;
+		if ($stripPrefix && $prefix !== '') {
+			$relPath = $path === rtrim($prefix, '/') ? basename($path) : substr($path, strlen($prefix));
+		}
+		return rtrim($target, '/') . '/' . $relPath;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A regular file (no link) at $dest with the size and modification time of the snapshot
+	 * entry: what a backup takes as unchanged, and what a finished restore of it leaves.
+	 *
+	 * @param array{s: int, m: int, ...} $entry
+	 */
+	private static function inPlace(string $dest, array $entry): bool {
+		clearstatcache(true, $dest);
+		return !is_link($dest) && is_file($dest) && filesize($dest) === $entry['s'] && filemtime($dest) === $entry['m'];
+	}
+
+	/** $prefix is "" (everything) or ends with "/"; the path without that "/" is a file to restore too. */
+	private static function underPrefix(string $path, string $prefix): bool {
+		return $prefix === '' || str_starts_with($path, $prefix) || $path === rtrim($prefix, '/');
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Remove what a restore that was stopped left in a directory this restore writes to:
+	 * "<name>.ngb-restore-<hex>" from here, ".<name>.ngb-restore-<hex>" from a restore through
+	 * Nextcloud. A files:scan would otherwise make them show up in Files.
+	 */
+	public static function removeStaleTemporaries(string $dir): void {
+		$names = scandir($dir);
+		foreach ($names === false ? [] : $names as $name) {
+			$path = $dir . '/' . $name;
+			if (self::isRestoreTemporary($name) && is_file($path) && !is_link($path)) {
+				@unlink($path);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static function isRestoreTemporary(string $name): bool {
+		return preg_match('/.\.ngb-restore-[0-9a-f]{6}(?:[0-9a-f]{6})?$/', $name) === 1;
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Start writing a generated stream (e.g. a table dump) as blobs. Call flushPacks() when the
 	 * run is done, so the last pack is uploaded before anything references it.
@@ -561,6 +744,31 @@ final class Repository {
 		return isset($this->catalog->userExports[$manifestPath]);
 	}

+	/**
+	 * The recorded export $ref names: a manifest path (users/<uid>/<exportId>) as is, or a bare
+	 * user id (also "users/<uid>") when that user has exactly one export here. Anything else
+	 * throws, with the exports to choose from in the message.
+	 */
+	public function resolveUserExport(string $ref): string {
+		if ($this->isRecordedUserExport($ref)) {
+			return $ref;
+		}
+		$rest = trim($ref, '/');
+		if (str_starts_with($rest, 'users/')) {
+			$rest = substr($rest, strlen('users/'));
+		}
+		$uid = explode('/', $rest)[0];
+		$exports = $uid !== '' ? $this->listUserExports($uid) : [];
+		if (!str_contains($rest, '/') && count($exports) === 1) {
+			return $exports[0];
+		}
+		if ($exports === []) {
+			throw new RepositoryException("$ref is not a recorded user export for this location, and $uid has no exports here. Expected users/<uid>/<exportId>; occ backup:user:list shows the exports");
+		}
+		$which = str_contains($rest, '/') ? "$ref is not a recorded user export for this location" : "$uid has " . count($exports) . ' exports here';
+		throw new RepositoryException("$which; pass one of these (newest first):\n  " . implode("\n  ", $exports));
+	}
+
 	/** Permanently delete a user export. Its blobs are freed by the next prune() like any other. */
 	public function forgetUserExport(string $manifestPath): void {
 		if (!isset($this->catalog->userExports[$manifestPath])) {
@@ -608,6 +816,34 @@ final class Repository {
 		return array_keys($doomed);
 	}

+	/**
+	 * Part of trash(), for a page that shows how far it is: each entry is a read of its own on the
+	 * location. Reads the entries with an id after $after, in order, until $deadline
+	 * (microtime(true)), at least one. The id, not a position: a cleanup that changes the trash
+	 * between two parts then makes no entry come twice or be missed.
+	 *
+	 * @return array{total: int, items: array<string, array<string, mixed>>}
+	 */
+	public function trashPage(string $after, float $deadline): array {
+		$ids = array_map('strval', array_keys($this->catalog->trash));
+		sort($ids, SORT_STRING);
+		$items = [];
+		foreach ($ids as $id) {
+			if (strcmp($id, $after) <= 0) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			try {
+				$items[$id] = $this->trashInfo($id);
+			} catch (\Throwable) {
+				throw new RepositoryException("Trash entry $id listed in the catalog is missing on the location (possible tampering)");
+			}
+			if (microtime(true) >= $deadline) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		return ['total' => count($ids), 'items' => $items];
+	}
+
 	private function trashInfo(string $snapshotId): array {
 		return json_decode($this->getObject('trash/info/' . $snapshotId), true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
 	}
@@ -1167,7 +1403,10 @@ final class Repository {
 		$this->cipher->decrypt($fh, $plain, 'snapshot:' . $snapshotId);
 		fclose($fh);
 		rewind($plain);
-		fgets($plain); // meta line
+		$meta = json_decode((string)fgets($plain), true);
+		if (is_array($meta)) {
+			$this->lastMeta = [$snapshotId => $meta]; // a snapshot never changes
+		}
 		while (($line = fgets($plain)) !== false) {
 			$entry = json_decode($line, true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
 			if (!is_array($entry) || !is_string($entry['p'] ?? null) || !self::isSafePath($entry['p'])
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Dillard Blom
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Repository;
+
+/**
+ * A restore cannot write to where it restores to (a full disk, permissions, something in the way).
+ * The backup is fine, so this never counts as damaged data: the restore stops, also with --salvage.
+ */
+final class RestoreTargetException extends \RuntimeException {
+}
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
 */
 final class BackupService {
 	public const KIND_FULL = 'full';
+	/** Characters of a snapshot label (the column holds 255) */
+	public const LABEL_MAX = 100;

 	/** @var \WeakMap<Repository, string> the location settings each kept repository was opened with */
 	private \WeakMap $openedWith;
@@ -57,6 +59,10 @@ final class BackupService {
 	}

 	public function start(Target $target, string $label = ''): Run {
+		$label = trim($label);
+		if (mb_strlen($label) > self::LABEL_MAX) {
+			throw new \InvalidArgumentException('A label has at most ' . self::LABEL_MAX . ' characters');
+		}
 		if (!$this->keys->everConfirmed()) {
 			throw new \RuntimeException('Confirm the recovery kit first (occ backup:key:confirm)');
 		}
@@ -73,7 +79,7 @@ final class BackupService {
 		try {
 			return $this->leases->with(PruneService::lockKey($target), LeaseService::EXCLUSIVE, 60, fn () => $this->createRun($target, $label));
 		} catch (LockedException) {
-			throw new \RuntimeException('A cleanup or another start for ' . $target->getName() . ' is running; try again later');
+			throw new \RuntimeException('A cleanup, a restore or another start for ' . $target->getName() . ' is running, or one was stopped by force (that clears by itself within two hours); try again later');
 		}
 	}

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Dillard Blom
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Service;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run;
+use OCP\Exceptions\AppConfigTypeConflictException;
+use OCP\IAppConfig;
+use OCP\IURLGenerator;
+
+/**
+ * Whether Nextcloud's background jobs run on a system cron, which backups need: a backup moves
+ * forward only when a background job run takes its next step (#13). Without system cron, AJAX
+ * cron runs a job only now and then while someone has Nextcloud open, and webcron only as often as
+ * the outside service calls it.
+ */
+final class CronHealth {
+	/** A system cron that has not run for this long has stopped (it runs every 5 minutes). */
+	public const STOPPED_AFTER = 3600;
+
+	/**
+	 * A running backup that took no step for this long is waiting for background jobs. A step with
+	 * system cron takes at most a few minutes (BackupJob) and the job runs every minute.
+	 */
+	public const WAITING_AFTER = 900;
+
+	public function __construct(
+		private IAppConfig $appConfig,
+		private IURLGenerator $urls,
+	) {
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * mode: ajax, webcron or cron; lastRun: the last background job run (0: never); ok: a system
+	 * cron that ran recently; stopped: system cron is set but has not run for STOPPED_AFTER.
+	 *
+	 * @return array{mode: string, lastRun: int, ok: bool, stopped: bool, docs: string}
+	 */
+	public function check(?int $now = null): array {
+		$now ??= time();
+		$mode = $this->coreString('backgroundjobs_mode', 'ajax');
+		$lastRun = (int)$this->coreString('lastcron', '0');
+		$stopped = $mode === 'cron' && $now - $lastRun > self::STOPPED_AFTER;
+		return [
+			'mode' => $mode,
+			'lastRun' => $lastRun,
+			'ok' => $mode === 'cron' && !$stopped,
+			'stopped' => $stopped,
+			'docs' => $this->urls->linkToDocs('admin-background-jobs'),
+		];
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Seconds since a running backup took its last step, when that is long enough to say it waits
+	 * for background jobs; null while it moves (or when it is not running).
+	 */
+	public static function waitingFor(Run $run, ?int $now = null): ?int {
+		$idle = ($now ?? time()) - $run->getUpdatedAt();
+		return $run->getStatus() === Run::RUNNING && $idle >= self::WAITING_AFTER ? $idle : null;
+	}
+
+	/** One line for occ and the log; null when system cron runs. */
+	public static function describe(array $health, ?int $now = null): ?string {
+		if ($health['ok']) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		$last = $health['lastRun'] > 0 ? 'last ran ' . self::ago(($now ?? time()) - $health['lastRun']) : 'never ran';
+		$what = $health['stopped']
+			? 'Background jobs are set to system cron, but cron has not run for over an hour (' . $last . ').'
+			: 'Background jobs do not run on a system cron: they are set to "' . ($health['mode'] === 'webcron' ? 'Webcron' : 'AJAX') . '" and ' . $last . '.';
+		return $what . ' Backups, also the scheduled ones, need a system cron that runs every 5 minutes: ' . $health['docs'];
+	}
+
+	/** "12 min ago" style, for durations from a minute to days */
+	public static function ago(int $seconds): string {
+		if ($seconds < 3600) {
+			return max(1, intdiv($seconds, 60)) . ' min ago';
+		}
+		if ($seconds < 172800) {
+			return intdiv($seconds, 3600) . ' h ago';
+		}
+		return intdiv($seconds, 86400) . ' days ago';
+	}
+
+	/** Core stores these with different value types across versions: read whatever is there. */
+	private function coreString(string $key, string $default): string {
+		try {
+			return $this->appConfig->getValueString('core', $key, $default);
+		} catch (AppConfigTypeConflictException) {
+			return (string)$this->appConfig->getValueInt('core', $key, (int)$default);
+		}
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Dillard Blom
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Service;
+
+/** A step after the database was committed failed: the database is no longer the fresh one. */
+final class DatabaseAlreadyRestoredException extends \RuntimeException {
+}
@@ -76,6 +76,15 @@ final class LeaseService {
 		$qb->executeStatement();
 	}

+	/** Remove the shared leases on $name, for a caller that knows their holders were stopped. */
+	public function dropShared(string $name): void {
+		$qb = $this->db->getQueryBuilder();
+		$qb->delete('ngb_leases')
+			->where($qb->expr()->eq('name', $qb->createNamedParameter($name)))
+			->andWhere($qb->expr()->eq('mode', $qb->createNamedParameter(self::SHARED)));
+		$qb->executeStatement();
+	}
+
 	/** Wraps $refresh so calling it often (per file, per row batch) only touches the database every $seconds. */
 	public static function throttled(callable $refresh, int $seconds = 60): \Closure {
 		$last = time();
@@ -58,9 +58,12 @@ final class RestoreFullService {
 	 * - tables in the backup that do not exist here: a backup made from 1.0.0-rc.2 on records
 	 *   their structure and the restore creates them, an older one cannot (missingTables).
 	 *
-	 * @return array{ok:bool, currentMajor:string, snapshotMajor:string, missingApps:list<string>, missingTables:list<string>}
+	 * With $salvage, a database dump that cannot be read does not block: dbUnreadable says why, and
+	 * the restore then salvages the files instead (see restoreFull()).
+	 *
+	 * @return array{ok:bool, currentMajor:string, snapshotMajor:string, missingApps:list<string>, missingTables:list<string>, dbUnreadable?:string}
 	 */
-	public function checkCompatibility(Target $target, string $snapshotId, bool $skipMissingTables = false): array {
+	public function checkCompatibility(Target $target, string $snapshotId, bool $skipMissingTables = false, bool $salvage = false): array {
 		$repo = $this->targets->repository($target);
 		$meta = $repo->snapshotMeta($snapshotId);
 		$currentMajor = explode('.', $this->config->getSystemValueString('version'))[0];
@@ -69,8 +72,19 @@ final class RestoreFullService {
 		$missingApps = array_values(array_diff(array_keys($meta['apps'] ?? []), array_keys($enabled), self::ENVIRONMENT_APPS));
 		$missingTables = [];
 		$prefixMismatch = null;
+		$dbUnreadable = null;
+		$manifest = null;
 		if (isset($meta['db'])) {
-			$manifest = json_decode($repo->getObject($meta['db']), true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+			try {
+				$manifest = json_decode($repo->getObject($meta['db']), true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+			} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+				if (!$salvage) {
+					throw $e;
+				}
+				$dbUnreadable = 'the database dump cannot be read: ' . $e->getMessage();
+			}
+		}
+		if (is_array($manifest)) {
 			$prefix = $this->config->getSystemValueString('dbtableprefix', 'oc_');
 			$sourcePrefix = DbDumper::dumpPrefix($manifest);
 			if ($sourcePrefix !== null && $sourcePrefix !== $prefix) {
@@ -87,11 +101,21 @@ final class RestoreFullService {
 			'missingApps' => $missingApps,
 			'missingTables' => $prefixMismatch === null ? $missingTables : [],
 			'prefixMismatch' => $prefixMismatch,
-		];
+		] + ($dbUnreadable !== null ? ['dbUnreadable' => $dbUnreadable] : []);
 	}

-	/** @return array{dbReport:array, dataFiles:int, configKeys:int, dbConsistent:bool, missingApps:list<string>, maintenanceLeftOn:bool} */
-	public function restoreFull(Target $target, string $snapshotId, bool $skipMissingTables = false): array {
+	/**
+	 * With $salvage, restore whatever can be restored instead of stopping:
+	 * - a file that cannot be read or decrypted is left out and listed (skipped);
+	 * - when the database cannot be restored here (its dump is unreadable or damaged, or it does
+	 *   not fit this installation), the fresh database stays as it is, and the data directory and
+	 *   config of the backup go to a folder of their own (salvageDir) instead: the files are what
+	 *   matters most, and putting Nextcloud back together from there is work by hand;
+	 * - a config.php that cannot be read is not merged (configError).
+	 *
+	 * @return array{dbReport:array, dataFiles:int, configKeys:int, dbConsistent:bool, missingApps:list<string>, maintenanceLeftOn:bool, skipped:array<string, string>, dbError:?string, salvageDir:?string, configError:?string}
+	 */
+	public function restoreFull(Target $target, string $snapshotId, bool $skipMissingTables = false, bool $salvage = false): array {
 		// Maintenance mode for the whole restore: background jobs (cron.php stops in maintenance
 		// mode), page visits (AJAX cron) and users must not write into tables or the data
 		// directory while they are being replaced; a row written in between would collide with a
@@ -114,17 +138,27 @@ final class RestoreFullService {
 			}
 		};
 		try {
-			$check = $this->checkCompatibility($target, $snapshotId, $skipMissingTables);
+			$check = $this->checkCompatibility($target, $snapshotId, $skipMissingTables, $salvage);
 		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
 			$reopen();
 			throw $e;
 		}
 		if (!$check['ok']) {
-			$reopen();
-			throw new \RuntimeException($this->describeBlockers($check));
+			if (!$salvage) {
+				$reopen();
+				throw new \RuntimeException($this->describeBlockers($check));
+			}
+			// The database cannot go into this installation; the files can.
+			$check['dbUnreadable'] = 'the database cannot be restored here: ' . $this->describeBlockers($check);
+		}
+		if ($interrupted) {
+			// A restore that was killed leaves its leases, for up to two hours: they would keep
+			// the first backup of the recovered server waiting after this restore completes.
+			// In maintenance mode, on a partly restored instance, nothing else reads the location.
+			$this->leases->dropShared(PruneService::lockKey($target));
 		}
 		$appConfig->setValueInt(\OCA\NgBackup\AppInfo\Application::APP_ID, self::INTERRUPTED_KEY, time());
-		$result = $this->restoreInMaintenance($target, $snapshotId, $skipMissingTables, $check);
+		$result = $this->restoreInMaintenance($target, $snapshotId, $skipMissingTables, $check, $salvage);
 		$appConfig->deleteKey(\OCA\NgBackup\AppInfo\Application::APP_ID, self::INTERRUPTED_KEY);
 		if (!$wasInMaintenance) {
 			$this->config->setSystemValue('maintenance', false);
@@ -132,55 +166,60 @@ final class RestoreFullService {
 		return $result + ['maintenanceLeftOn' => $wasInMaintenance];
 	}

-	/** @return array{dbReport:array, dataFiles:int, configKeys:int, dbConsistent:bool, missingApps:list<string>} */
-	private function restoreInMaintenance(Target $target, string $snapshotId, bool $skipMissingTables, array $check): array {
-		return $this->withSharedLock($target, function (callable $refresh) use ($target, $snapshotId, $skipMissingTables, $check) {
+	/** @return array{dbReport:array, dataFiles:int, configKeys:int, dbConsistent:bool, missingApps:list<string>, skipped:array<string, string>, dbError:?string, salvageDir:?string, configError:?string} */
+	private function restoreInMaintenance(Target $target, string $snapshotId, bool $skipMissingTables, array $check, bool $salvage): array {
+		return $this->withSharedLock($target, function (callable $refresh) use ($target, $snapshotId, $skipMissingTables, $check, $salvage) {
 			$beat = LeaseService::throttled($refresh);
 			$repo = $this->targets->repository($target);
 			$meta = $repo->snapshotMeta($snapshotId);

 			$dbReport = null;
 			$manifest = [];
-			if (isset($meta['db'])) {
-				$manifest = json_decode($repo->getObject($meta['db']), true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
-				$prefix = $this->config->getSystemValueString('dbtableprefix', 'oc_');
-				// ng_backup's own tables (and its own rows in the shared appconfig table) must
-				// survive this restore untouched: they describe the backup/key/target that is
-				// actively performing it right now, on THIS installation, not the one that was
-				// backed up. Overwriting them mid-restore would pull the rug from under it.
-				foreach (array_keys($manifest['tables']) as $table) {
-					/** @var string $table */
-					if (str_starts_with($table, $prefix . 'ngb_')) {
-						unset($manifest['tables'][$table]);
-					}
-				}
-				// Sequences are keyed separately from tables; excluding a table does not exclude
-				// its sequence, which would otherwise rewind a retained ngb_* table's sequence
-				// below its current ids (PostgreSQL only -- see DbDumper::restoreSequences()).
-				foreach (array_keys($manifest['sequences'] ?? []) as $seq) {
-					/** @var string $seq */
-					if (str_starts_with((string)($manifest['sequences'][$seq]['table'] ?? ''), $prefix . 'ngb_')) {
-						unset($manifest['sequences'][$seq]);
-					}
-				}
-				$ownAppConfig = $this->preserveOwnAppConfig();
-				$dumper = new DbDumper($this->db->getInner(), $prefix);
+			$dbError = $check['dbUnreadable'] ?? null;
+			$skipped = $salvage ? [] : null;
+			$dataDir = rtrim($this->config->getSystemValueString('datadirectory'), '/');
+			if ($dbError === null) {
 				try {
-					$dumper->restore($repo, $manifest, $dbReport, $beat, $skipMissingTables);
-				} finally {
-					$this->restoreOwnAppConfig($ownAppConfig);
+					$this->restoreDatabase($repo, $meta, $manifest, $dbReport, $beat, $skipMissingTables);
+				} catch (DatabaseAlreadyRestoredException $e) {
+					throw $e;
+				} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+					if (!$salvage) {
+						throw $e;
+					}
+					// DbDumper::restore() rolled its transaction back: the database is the fresh one.
+					$dbError = 'the database could not be restored: ' . $e->getMessage();
+					$dbReport = null;
 				}
 			}
+			if ($dbError !== null) {
+				$salvageDir = $dataDir . '/ngb-salvage-' . substr($snapshotId, 0, 12);
+				$dataFiles = $this->restore->restoreToDirectory($target, $snapshotId, 'data', $salvageDir . '/data', stripPrefix: true, heartbeat: $beat, skipped: $skipped, keepUnchanged: true);
+				$this->restore->restoreToDirectory($target, $snapshotId, 'config', $salvageDir . '/config', stripPrefix: true, heartbeat: $beat, skipped: $skipped);
+				return ['dbReport' => ['skipped' => [], 'restored' => [], 'created' => [], 'missing' => []], 'dataFiles' => $dataFiles, 'configKeys' => 0,
+					'dbConsistent' => true, 'missingApps' => $check['missingApps'], 'skipped' => $skipped ?? [], 'dbError' => $dbError,
+					'salvageDir' => $salvageDir, 'configError' => null];
+			}

 			// Read (but do not yet apply) the backed-up config.php before touching the data
 			// directory: once applied, 'secret' may differ from what ng_backup's own Target
 			// options were encrypted with (see restoreFull()'s docblock), and every further
 			// repository access through $this->targets would fail to decrypt them.
-			/** @var array<string, mixed> $backupConfig */
-			$backupConfig = $this->fetchBackupConfig($target, $snapshotId);
+			$configError = null;
+			try {
+				/** @var array<string, mixed> $backupConfig */
+				$backupConfig = $this->fetchBackupConfig($target, $snapshotId, $salvage);
+			} catch (\OCA\NgBackup\Repository\RestoreTargetException $e) {
+				throw $e; // nowhere to put it: not a config.php that cannot be read
+			} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+				if (!$salvage) {
+					throw $e;
+				}
+				$configError = $e->getMessage();
+				$backupConfig = [];
+			}

-			$dataDir = rtrim($this->config->getSystemValueString('datadirectory'), '/');
-			$dataFiles = $this->restore->restoreToDirectory($target, $snapshotId, 'data', $dataDir, stripPrefix: true, heartbeat: $beat);
+			$dataFiles = $this->restore->restoreToDirectory($target, $snapshotId, 'data', $dataDir, stripPrefix: true, heartbeat: $beat, skipped: $skipped, keepUnchanged: true);

 			// Last step: nothing after this may need $this->targets->repository($target) again.
 			if ($backupConfig !== []) {
@@ -190,15 +229,75 @@ final class RestoreFullService {
 			}

 			return ['dbReport' => $dbReport ?? ['skipped' => [], 'restored' => [], 'created' => [], 'missing' => []], 'dataFiles' => $dataFiles, 'configKeys' => count($backupConfig),
-				'dbConsistent' => (bool)($manifest['consistent'] ?? true), 'missingApps' => $check['missingApps']];
+				'dbConsistent' => (bool)($manifest['consistent'] ?? true), 'missingApps' => $check['missingApps'],
+				'skipped' => $skipped ?? [], 'dbError' => null, 'salvageDir' => null, 'configError' => $configError];
 		});
 	}

-	/** @return array<string, mixed> config.php's $CONFIG from the backup, minus the connection keys */
-	private function fetchBackupConfig(Target $target, string $snapshotId): array {
+	/**
+	 * Replace the database with the snapshot's dump (one transaction, see DbDumper::restore()).
+	 *
+	 * @param array<string, mixed> $meta the snapshot's meta record
+	 * @param array $manifest set to the dump's manifest
+	 */
+	private function restoreDatabase(\OCA\NgBackup\Repository\Repository $repo, array $meta, array &$manifest, ?array &$dbReport, callable $beat, bool $skipMissingTables): void {
+		if (!isset($meta['db'])) {
+			return;
+		}
+		$manifest = json_decode($repo->getObject($meta['db']), true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+		$prefix = $this->config->getSystemValueString('dbtableprefix', 'oc_');
+		// ng_backup's own tables (and its own rows in the shared appconfig table) must
+		// survive this restore untouched: they describe the backup/key/target that is
+		// actively performing it right now, on THIS installation, not the one that was
+		// backed up. Overwriting them mid-restore would pull the rug from under it.
+		foreach (array_keys($manifest['tables']) as $table) {
+			/** @var string $table */
+			if (str_starts_with($table, $prefix . 'ngb_')) {
+				unset($manifest['tables'][$table]);
+			}
+		}
+		// Sequences are keyed separately from tables; excluding a table does not exclude
+		// its sequence, which would otherwise rewind a retained ngb_* table's sequence
+		// below its current ids (PostgreSQL only -- see DbDumper::restoreSequences()).
+		foreach (array_keys($manifest['sequences'] ?? []) as $seq) {
+			/** @var string $seq */
+			if (str_starts_with((string)($manifest['sequences'][$seq]['table'] ?? ''), $prefix . 'ngb_')) {
+				unset($manifest['sequences'][$seq]);
+			}
+		}
+		$ownAppConfig = $this->preserveOwnAppConfig();
+		$dumper = new DbDumper($this->db->getInner(), $prefix);
+		try {
+			$dumper->restore($repo, $manifest, $dbReport, $beat, $skipMissingTables);
+		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+			try {
+				$this->restoreOwnAppConfig($ownAppConfig);
+			} catch (\Throwable) {
+				// rolled back, so they are still there: the error that brought us here is the one to report
+			}
+			throw $e;
+		}
+		try {
+			$this->restoreOwnAppConfig($ownAppConfig);
+		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
+			// The old server's database is in place by now: not a case for "the database stays as
+			// the fresh installation made it" under --salvage. A run again restores these rows.
+			throw new DatabaseAlreadyRestoredException('The database was restored, but NG Backup could not put back its own settings: ' . $e->getMessage(), 0, $e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return array<string, mixed> config.php's $CONFIG from the backup, minus the connection keys
+	 * @throws \RuntimeException with $salvage, when config.php itself cannot be read
+	 */
+	private function fetchBackupConfig(Target $target, string $snapshotId, bool $salvage = false): array {
 		$tmp = sys_get_temp_dir() . '/ngb-restore-config-' . bin2hex(random_bytes(6));
 		try {
-			$this->restore->restoreToDirectory($target, $snapshotId, 'config', $tmp, stripPrefix: true);
+			$skipped = $salvage ? [] : null;
+			$this->restore->restoreToDirectory($target, $snapshotId, 'config', $tmp, stripPrefix: true, skipped: $skipped);
+			if (isset($skipped['config/config.php'])) {
+				throw new \RuntimeException('config.php cannot be read: ' . $skipped['config/config.php']);
+			}
 			$path = $tmp . '/config.php';
 			if (!is_file($path)) {
 				return []; // nothing to merge; the live config.php stays as occ maintenance:install made it
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ final class RestoreService {
 	public const MODE_MERGE = 'merge';
 	public const MODE_REPLACE = 'replace';

+	/** @var array<string, true> folders of the current restore already cleared of stale temporaries */
+	private array $cleaned = [];
+
 	public function __construct(
 		private TargetService $targets,
 		private IRootFolder $root,
@@ -58,7 +61,8 @@ final class RestoreService {
 		$prefix = trim($path, '/');
 		$prefix = $prefix === '' ? '' : $prefix . '/';
 		$children = [];
-		foreach ($this->targets->repository($target)->entries($snapshotId) as $e) {
+		$repo = $this->targets->repository($target);
+		foreach ($repo->entries($snapshotId) as $e) {
 			if ($prefix !== '' && !str_starts_with($e['p'], $prefix)) {
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -72,6 +76,12 @@ final class RestoreService {
 			}
 			$children[$name] = $c;
 		}
+		foreach ($repo->emptyDirs($snapshotId) as [$dir]) { // read along with the entries
+			if ($prefix === '' || str_starts_with($dir, $prefix)) {
+				$name = explode('/', substr($dir, strlen($prefix)), 2)[0];
+				$children[$name] ??= ['name' => $name, 'type' => 'dir', 'size' => 0, 'mtime' => null, 'files' => 0];
+			}
+		}
 		ksort($children, SORT_STRING);
 		return array_values($children);
 	}
@@ -81,8 +91,8 @@ final class RestoreService {
 	 *
 	 * @return array{restored:int, trashed:int, target:string}
 	 */
-	public function restoreUserFiles(Target $target, string $snapshotId, string $logicalPath, string $mode = self::MODE_NEW_FOLDER, ?callable $progress = null): array {
-		return $this->withSharedLock($target, function (callable $refresh) use ($target, $snapshotId, $logicalPath, $mode, $progress) {
+	public function restoreUserFiles(Target $target, string $snapshotId, string $logicalPath, string $mode = self::MODE_NEW_FOLDER, ?callable $progress = null, ?array &$skipped = null): array {
+		return $this->withSharedLock($target, function (callable $refresh) use ($target, $snapshotId, $logicalPath, $mode, $progress, &$skipped) {
 			$last = time();
 			// Keep the lease alive while files are being written.
 			$beat = function (int $done, int $total, string $name) use ($refresh, $progress, &$last): void {
@@ -94,11 +104,12 @@ final class RestoreService {
 					$progress($done, $total, $name);
 				}
 			};
-			return $this->doRestoreUserFiles($target, $snapshotId, $logicalPath, $mode, $beat);
+			return $this->doRestoreUserFiles($target, $snapshotId, $logicalPath, $mode, $beat, $skipped);
 		});
 	}

-	private function doRestoreUserFiles(Target $target, string $snapshotId, string $logicalPath, string $mode, ?callable $progress): array {
+	/** @param array<string, string>|null $skipped see Repository::restore() */
+	private function doRestoreUserFiles(Target $target, string $snapshotId, string $logicalPath, string $mode, ?callable $progress, ?array &$skipped): array {
 		if (!Repository::isSafePath($logicalPath) || !preg_match('#^data/([^/]+)/files(?:/(.*))?$#', $logicalPath, $m)) {
 			throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Expected a path like data/<user>/files/<folder or file>');
 		}
@@ -119,7 +130,17 @@ final class RestoreService {
 				$entries[substr($e['p'], strlen($source) + 1)] = $e;
 			}
 		}
-		if ($entries === []) {
+		// Folders without anything in them, relative to $source ('' when $source itself is one).
+		/** @var array<array-key, int> $emptyDirs modification times; a folder called "2026" is an integer key */
+		$emptyDirs = [];
+		foreach ($single ? [] : $repo->emptyDirs($snapshotId) as [$dir, $mtime]) {
+			if ($dir === $source) {
+				$emptyDirs[''] = $mtime;
+			} elseif (str_starts_with($dir, $source . '/')) {
+				$emptyDirs[substr($dir, strlen($source) + 1)] = $mtime;
+			}
+		}
+		if ($entries === [] && $emptyDirs === []) {
 			throw new NotFoundException("Nothing at $source in snapshot $snapshotId");
 		}

@@ -130,21 +151,44 @@ final class RestoreService {
 		} elseif ($mode !== self::MODE_MERGE && $mode !== self::MODE_REPLACE) {
 			throw new \InvalidArgumentException("Unknown mode $mode");
 		}
+		$destExisted = $parentRel === '' || $userFolder->nodeExists($parentRel);
 		$dest = $this->ensureFolder($userFolder, $parentRel);
 		$names = $single ? [basename($rel) => $entries['']] : $entries;

+		$this->cleaned = [];
 		$restored = 0;
 		foreach ($names as $relPath => $entry) {
-			$this->writeFile($repo, $dest, (string)$relPath, $entry);
+			try {
+				$this->writeFile($repo, $dest, (string)$relPath, $entry);
+			} catch (\OCA\NgBackup\Repository\RepositoryException|\OCA\NgBackup\Backend\BackendException|\OCA\NgBackup\Crypto\CryptoException $e) {
+				// Damaged or missing on the location (writeFile removed its temporary)
+				if ($skipped === null) {
+					throw $e;
+				}
+				$skipped[$entry['p']] = $e->getMessage();
+				continue;
+			}
 			$restored++;
 			if ($progress !== null) {
 				$progress($restored, count($names), (string)$relPath);
 			}
 		}

+		foreach ($emptyDirs as $dir => $mtime) {
+			$dir = (string)$dir;
+			$existed = $dir === '' ? $destExisted : $dest->nodeExists($dir); // one that is there keeps its own time
+			$folder = $this->ensureFolder($dest, $dir);
+			if (!$existed) {
+				$folder->touch($mtime);
+			}
+			if ($progress !== null) {
+				$progress($restored, count($names), $dir); // keeps the lease alive too
+			}
+		}
+
 		$trashed = 0;
 		if ($mode === self::MODE_REPLACE && !$single) {
-			$trashed = $this->trashExtras($dest, '', array_flip(array_keys($names)));
+			$trashed = $this->trashExtras($dest, '', array_flip(array_keys($names)) + $emptyDirs);
 		}
 		return ['restored' => $restored, 'trashed' => $trashed, 'target' => $uid . ':' . $userFolder->getRelativePath($dest->getPath())];
 	}
@@ -155,15 +199,18 @@ final class RestoreService {
 	 * @param bool $stripPrefix write into $directory itself instead of $directory/$prefix (see
 	 *             Repository::restore()); used to restore "data/" or "config/" straight into the
 	 *             real data/config directory for occ backup:restore:full.
+	 * @param bool $keepUnchanged leave files already in place with the snapshot's size and
+	 *             modification time (see Repository::restore()): a full restore that runs again
+	 *             goes on where it stopped
 	 */
-	public function restoreToDirectory(Target $target, string $snapshotId, string $prefix, string $directory, bool $stripPrefix = false, ?callable $heartbeat = null): int {
+	public function restoreToDirectory(Target $target, string $snapshotId, string $prefix, string $directory, bool $stripPrefix = false, ?callable $heartbeat = null, ?array &$skipped = null, bool $keepUnchanged = false): int {
 		if ($prefix !== '' && !Repository::isSafePath($prefix)) {
 			throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Invalid path: ' . $prefix);
 		}
 		if (!is_dir($directory) && !mkdir($directory, 0750, true) && !is_dir($directory)) {
-			throw new \RuntimeException("Cannot create $directory");
+			throw new \OCA\NgBackup\Repository\RestoreTargetException("Cannot create $directory (disk full, or no permission?)");
 		}
-		return $this->withSharedLock($target, function (callable $refresh) use ($target, $snapshotId, $prefix, $directory, $stripPrefix, $heartbeat): int {
+		return $this->withSharedLock($target, function (callable $refresh) use ($target, $snapshotId, $prefix, $directory, $stripPrefix, $heartbeat, &$skipped, $keepUnchanged): int {
 			$own = LeaseService::throttled($refresh);
 			$beat = static function () use ($own, $heartbeat): void {
 				$own();
@@ -171,13 +218,17 @@ final class RestoreService {
 					$heartbeat();
 				}
 			};
-			return $this->targets->repository($target)->restore($snapshotId, $directory, trim($prefix, '/') === '' ? '' : trim($prefix, '/') . '/', $stripPrefix, $beat);
+			return $this->targets->repository($target)->restore($snapshotId, $directory, trim($prefix, '/') === '' ? '' : trim($prefix, '/') . '/', $stripPrefix, $beat, $skipped, $keepUnchanged);
 		}, 3600);
 	}

 	private function writeFile(Repository $repo, Folder $dest, string $relPath, array $entry): void {
 		$dir = dirname($relPath);
 		$folder = $dir === '.' ? $dest : $this->ensureFolder($dest, $dir);
+		if (!isset($this->cleaned[$folder->getPath()])) {
+			$this->removeStaleTemporaries($folder);
+			$this->cleaned[$folder->getPath()] = true;
+		}
 		$name = basename($relPath);
 		// Stage under a temporary name; only rename into place after every blob was verified.
 		$tmpName = '.' . $name . '.ngb-restore-' . bin2hex(random_bytes(3));
@@ -195,7 +246,7 @@ final class RestoreService {
 				throw new \RuntimeException('Write failed for ' . $relPath);
 			}
 			if ($written !== $entry['s']) {
-				throw new \RuntimeException("Size mismatch restoring $relPath");
+				throw new \OCA\NgBackup\Repository\RepositoryException("Size mismatch restoring $relPath");
 			}
 			if ($folder->nodeExists($name)) {
 				$existing = $folder->get($name);
@@ -223,12 +274,25 @@ final class RestoreService {
 		}
 	}

+	/** See Repository::removeStaleTemporaries(): what a restore that was stopped left in this folder. */
+	private function removeStaleTemporaries(Folder $folder): void {
+		foreach ($folder->getDirectoryListing() as $node) {
+			if ($node instanceof File && Repository::isRestoreTemporary($node->getName())) {
+				try {
+					$node->delete();
+				} catch (\Throwable) {
+					// in the way of nothing: the new temporary gets a name of its own
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	private function trashExtras(Folder $folder, string $prefix, array $keep): int {
 		$count = 0;
 		foreach ($folder->getDirectoryListing() as $node) {
 			$rel = $prefix === '' ? $node->getName() : $prefix . '/' . $node->getName();
 			if ($node instanceof Folder) {
-				$hasKept = false;
+				$hasKept = isset($keep[$rel]); // a folder that was empty in the snapshot
 				foreach (array_keys($keep) as $k) {
 					if (str_starts_with((string)$k, $rel . '/')) {
 						$hasKept = true;
@@ -110,11 +110,6 @@
      <code><![CDATA[ask]]></code>
    </UndefinedInterfaceMethod>
  </file>
-  <file src="lib/Command/Trash.php">
-    <RedundantCastGivenDocblockType>
-      <code><![CDATA[(string)($info['time'] ?? '')]]></code>
-    </RedundantCastGivenDocblockType>
-  </file>
  <file src="lib/Controller/AdminApiController.php">
    <InvalidOperand>
      <code><![CDATA[$maxGb * 1073741824]]></code>
@@ -191,6 +186,7 @@
      <code><![CDATA[$this->db]]></code>
      <code><![CDATA[$this->db]]></code>
      <code><![CDATA[$this->db]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[$this->db]]></code>
      <code><![CDATA[TransactionIsolationLevel]]></code>
      <code><![CDATA[\Doctrine\DBAL\ParameterType]]></code>
      <code><![CDATA[\Doctrine\DBAL\ParameterType]]></code>
@@ -7,20 +7,41 @@
 		<NcSettingsSection :name="t('ng_backup', 'NG Backup')"
 			:description="t('ng_backup', 'Encrypted, incremental backups of this Nextcloud (database, configuration and data). Backup locations are never mounted and are not visible in Files.')">
 			<p class="ngb-feedback">
-				{{ t('ng_backup', 'NG Backup is in beta. We would like to hear how it works for you, also when everything went fine.') }}
+				{{ t('ng_backup', 'We would like to hear how NG Backup works for you, also when everything went fine.') }}
 				<a :href="feedbackUrl" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">{{ t('ng_backup', 'Share your experience ↗') }}</a>
 			</p>
 			<NcLoadingIcon v-if="!status" :size="32" />
 			<NcNoteCard v-if="error" type="error">{{ error }}</NcNoteCard>
+			<NcNoteCard v-if="status && !status.cron.ok" type="warning">
+				<p>
+					{{ status.cron.stopped
+						? t('ng_backup', 'Background jobs are set to system cron, but cron has not run since {time}.', { time: lastCron })
+						: t('ng_backup', 'Background jobs do not run on a system cron (they are set to "{mode}").', { mode: status.cron.mode === 'webcron' ? 'Webcron' : 'AJAX' }) }}
+					{{ t('ng_backup', 'Backups need a system cron that runs every 5 minutes, also the scheduled ones.') }}
+					<a :href="status.cron.docs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">{{ t('ng_backup', 'How to set up cron ↗') }}</a>
+				</p>
+				<p>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Until then, a backup started with "Back up now" only moves on while this page is open.') }}</p>
+			</NcNoteCard>
 		</NcSettingsSection>

 		<template v-if="status">
 			<div class="ngb-tabs">
 				<NcButton :variant="tab === 'backup' ? 'primary' : 'secondary'" @click="tab = 'backup'">{{ t('ng_backup', 'Backup and restore') }}</NcButton>
+				<NcButton v-if="status.key.everConfirmed && status.targets.length" :variant="tab === 'bin' ? 'primary' : 'secondary'" @click="tab = 'bin'">{{ t('ng_backup', 'Bin') }}</NcButton>
 				<NcButton :variant="tab === 'settings' ? 'primary' : 'secondary'" @click="tab = 'settings'">{{ t('ng_backup', 'Settings') }}</NcButton>
+				<NcButton :variant="tab === 'docs' ? 'primary' : 'secondary'" @click="tab = 'docs'">{{ t('ng_backup', 'Docs') }}</NcButton>
 			</div>

-			<template v-if="tab === 'settings'">
+			<NcSettingsSection v-if="tab === 'docs'" :name="t('ng_backup', 'Documentation')">
+				<ul class="ngb-docs">
+					<li v-for="doc in docs" :key="doc.url">
+						<a :href="doc.url" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">{{ doc.name }} ↗</a>
+						<span>{{ doc.description }}</span>
+					</li>
+				</ul>
+			</NcSettingsSection>
+			<Bin v-else-if="tab === 'bin' && status.key.everConfirmed && status.targets.length" :status="status" @changed="refresh" />
+			<template v-else-if="tab === 'settings'">
 				<KeySetup :status="status" @changed="refresh" />
 				<Locations v-if="status.key.everConfirmed" :status="status" @changed="refresh" />
 			</template>
@@ -37,7 +58,7 @@
 </template>

 <script setup>
-import { onBeforeUnmount, onMounted, ref } from 'vue'
+import { computed, onBeforeUnmount, onMounted, ref } from 'vue'
 import { t } from '@nextcloud/l10n'
 import NcButton from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcButton'
 import NcLoadingIcon from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcLoadingIcon'
@@ -45,6 +66,7 @@ import NcNoteCard from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcNoteCard'
 import NcSettingsSection from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcSettingsSection'
 import api from './api.js'
 import Backups from './components/Backups.vue'
+import Bin from './components/Bin.vue'
 import KeySetup from './components/KeySetup.vue'
 import Locations from './components/Locations.vue'
 import RestoreBrowser from './components/RestoreBrowser.vue'
@@ -52,6 +74,25 @@ import RestoreBrowser from './components/RestoreBrowser.vue'
 // Opens the experience report form in .github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE
 const feedbackUrl = 'https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/issues/new?template=experience.yml'

+const repoUrl = 'https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup'
+const docs = [
+	{
+		name: t('ng_backup', 'How-to'),
+		description: t('ng_backup', 'Step by step: from first install to a tested restore.'),
+		url: repoUrl + '/blob/main/docs/HOWTO.md',
+	},
+	{
+		name: t('ng_backup', 'Disaster recovery'),
+		description: t('ng_backup', 'Your server is gone: get Nextcloud back on a new server from a backup location.'),
+		url: repoUrl + '/blob/main/docs/DISASTER-RECOVERY.md',
+	},
+	{
+		name: t('ng_backup', 'Roadmap'),
+		description: t('ng_backup', 'What is planned for the next versions.'),
+		url: repoUrl + '#roadmap',
+	},
+]
+
 const status = ref(null)
 const allRuns = ref(false) // runs older than the last days too
 const error = ref('')
@@ -77,13 +118,27 @@ async function refresh() {
 	} catch (e) {
 		error.value = e.message
 	}
-	// Poll while something runs, so progress shows up without reloading.
+	// Poll while something runs, so progress shows up without reloading. Without a working
+	// system cron, each poll also lets a running backup take a short step (see tick()).
 	clearTimeout(timer)
 	if (status.value?.runs.some(r => r.status === 'running')) {
-		timer = setTimeout(refresh, 4000)
+		timer = setTimeout(tickAndRefresh, 4000)
 	}
 }

+async function tickAndRefresh() {
+	if (status.value && !status.value.cron.ok && status.value.runs.some(r => r.status === 'running' && r.kind === 'full')) {
+		try {
+			await api.tick()
+		} catch (e) {
+			// The next poll tries again; the error of a failed step shows on its run.
+		}
+	}
+	await refresh()
+}
+
+const lastCron = computed(() => status.value?.cron.lastRun ? new Date(status.value.cron.lastRun * 1000).toLocaleString() : '')
+
 onMounted(refresh)
 onBeforeUnmount(() => clearTimeout(timer))
 </script>
@@ -102,6 +157,17 @@ onBeforeUnmount(() => clearTimeout(timer))
 	color: var(--color-primary-element);
 	text-decoration: underline;
 }
+.ngb-docs li {
+	margin-bottom: 8px;
+}
+.ngb-docs a {
+	color: var(--color-primary-element);
+	text-decoration: underline;
+	margin-right: 8px;
+}
+.ngb-docs span {
+	color: var(--color-text-maxcontrast);
+}
 .ngb-tabs {
 	display: flex;
 	gap: 8px;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export default {
 	addSlot: (passphrase, label) => call('post', '/key/slots', { passphrase, label }),
 	replaceSlot: (slot, passphrase, label) => call('put', `/key/slots/${slot}`, { passphrase, label }),
 	removeSlot: (slot) => call('delete', `/key/slots/${slot}`),
-	trash: (targetId) => call('get', `/targets/${targetId}/trash`),
+	trash: (targetId, after = '') => call('get', `/targets/${targetId}/trash`, { after }),
 	untrash: (targetId, snapshotId) => call('post', `/targets/${targetId}/trash/${snapshotId}`),
 	kitUrl: () => url('/key/kit'),
 	confirmKit: (accepted, phrase, code) => call('post', '/key/confirm', { accepted, phrase, code }),
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ export default {
 	testTarget: (id) => call('post', `/targets/${id}/test`),
 	setTargetLimit: (id, maxGb) => call('put', `/targets/${id}/limit`, { maxGb }),
 	startBackup: (targetId, label) => call('post', '/backups', { targetId, label }),
+	tick: () => call('post', '/tick'),
 	setSchedule: (time, timezone) => call('put', '/schedule', { time, timezone }),
 	snapshots: (targetId) => call('get', `/targets/${targetId}/snapshots`),
 	browse: (targetId, snapshotId, path) => call('get', `/targets/${targetId}/snapshots/${snapshotId}/browse`, { path }),
@@ -10,26 +10,14 @@
 			<NcButton :disabled="schedule === status.schedule && browserZone === status.scheduleTimezone" @click="saveSchedule">{{ t('ng_backup', 'Save') }}</NcButton>
 		</div>
 		<div class="ngb-row">
+			<NcTextField v-model="label" class="ngb-label" :maxlength="100" :label="t('ng_backup', 'Label (optional)')"
+				:placeholder="t('ng_backup', 'e.g. before the upgrade to Nextcloud 35')" />
 			<NcButton v-for="target in status.targets" :key="target.id" :disabled="isRunning(target.id)" @click="start(target)">
 				{{ isRunning(target.id) ? t('ng_backup', 'Backup to {name} running …', { name: target.name }) : t('ng_backup', 'Back up now to {name}', { name: target.name }) }}
 			</NcButton>
 		</div>
 		<NcNoteCard v-if="error" type="error">{{ error }}</NcNoteCard>

-		<template v-for="target in status.targets" :key="'trash' + target.id">
-			<div v-if="trash[target.id]?.length" class="ngb-trash">
-				<h3>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Trash of {name}', { name: target.name }) }}</h3>
-				<p class="ngb-muted">{{ t('ng_backup', 'Removed restore points can be brought back until they are deleted permanently.') }}</p>
-				<ul>
-					<li v-for="item in trash[target.id]" :key="item.id">
-						{{ item.time ? formatDateTime(item.time) : item.id }}{{ item.label ? ' – ' + item.label : '' }}
-						<span class="ngb-muted">{{ t('ng_backup', 'removed by {by}, deleted after {date}', { by: item.by, date: formatDate(item.deleteAfter) }) }}</span>
-						<NcButton variant="tertiary" @click="untrash(target, item)">{{ t('ng_backup', 'Restore') }}</NcButton>
-					</li>
-				</ul>
-			</div>
-		</template>
-
 		<div v-if="status.runs.length" class="ngb-table-wrap">
 			<table class="ngb-table">
 				<thead>
@@ -50,7 +38,7 @@
 						<td>{{ targetName(run.targetId) }}</td>
 						<td>{{ run.kind }}</td>
 						<td>{{ run.snapshot ? formatDateTime(run.snapshot.createdAt) + (run.snapshot.label ? ' – ' + run.snapshot.label : '') : '' }}</td>
-						<td :class="'ngb-' + run.status">{{ run.status }}{{ run.status === 'running' ? ' (' + run.phase + percent(run) + ')' : '' }}{{ run.error ? ': ' + run.error : '' }}</td>
+						<td :class="'ngb-' + run.status">{{ runStatus(run) }}{{ run.error ? ': ' + run.error : '' }}</td>
 						<td>{{ run.stats?.files?.files ?? run.stats?.restored ?? '' }}</td>
 						<td>{{ run.stats?.files ? formatSize(run.stats.files.bytes) : '' }}</td>
 						<td>{{ run.stats?.files ? formatSize(run.stats.files.uploaded) : '' }}</td>
@@ -79,9 +67,7 @@ import NcNoteCard from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcNoteCard'
 import NcSettingsSection from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcSettingsSection'
 import NcTextField from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcTextField'
 import api from '../api.js'
-import { formatDateTime, formatDate, formatSize, toZone } from '../format.js'
-import { confirmPassword } from '@nextcloud/password-confirmation'
-import { reactive } from 'vue'
+import { formatDateTime, formatSize, toZone } from '../format.js'

 const props = defineProps({ status: { type: Object, required: true }, allRuns: { type: Boolean, default: false } })
 const emit = defineEmits(['changed', 'show-all-runs'])
@@ -93,39 +79,38 @@ const schedule = ref(shown(props.status.schedule))
 const error = ref('')
 watch(() => [props.status.schedule, props.status.scheduleTimezone], ([s]) => { schedule.value = shown(s) })

-const trash = reactive({})
-async function loadTrash() {
-	for (const target of props.status.targets) {
-		try {
-			trash[target.id] = await api.trash(target.id)
-		} catch (e) {
-			trash[target.id] = []
-		}
-	}
-}
-watch(() => props.status.targets.map(tg => tg.id).join(','), loadTrash, { immediate: true })
+const label = ref('')

-async function untrash(target, item) {
-	error.value = ''
-	try {
-		await confirmPassword()
-		await api.untrash(target.id, item.id)
-		await loadTrash()
-		emit('changed')
-	} catch (e) {
-		error.value = e?.message || ''
+// ": 47/183 tables" in the database phase; " 68%", or " ~68%" when the total is estimated from
+// Nextcloud's file cache (first backup)
+const percent = (run) => {
+	if (!run.progress) {
+		return ''
 	}
+	if (run.progress.totalTables) {
+		return ': ' + t('ng_backup', '{done}/{total} tables', { done: run.progress.tables, total: run.progress.totalTables })
+	}
+	return ' ' + (run.progress.approximate ? '~' : '') + Math.floor(run.progress.fraction * 100) + '%'
+}
+// "running (db: 47/183 tables)", or "waiting for background jobs (…, last step 12 min ago)"
+const runStatus = (run) => {
+	if (run.status !== 'running') {
+		return run.status
+	}
+	const detail = run.phase + percent(run)
+	if (run.waitingFor) {
+		return t('ng_backup', 'waiting for background jobs ({detail}, last step {minutes} min ago)', { detail, minutes: Math.floor(run.waitingFor / 60) })
+	}
+	return run.status + ' (' + detail + ')'
 }
-
-// " 68%", or " ~68%" when the total is estimated from Nextcloud's file cache (first backup)
-const percent = (run) => run.progress ? ' ' + (run.progress.approximate ? '~' : '') + Math.floor(run.progress.fraction * 100) + '%' : ''
 const isRunning = (targetId) => props.status.runs.some(r => r.targetId === targetId && r.kind === 'full' && r.status === 'running')
 const targetName = (id) => props.status.targets.find(tg => tg.id === id)?.name ?? '#' + id

 async function start(target) {
 	error.value = ''
 	try {
-		await api.startBackup(target.id, '')
+		await api.startBackup(target.id, label.value.trim())
+		label.value = ''
 		emit('changed')
 	} catch (e) {
 		error.value = e.message
@@ -146,12 +131,11 @@ async function saveSchedule() {
 <style scoped>
 .ngb-row { display: flex; gap: 8px; align-items: flex-end; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 12px; }
 .ngb-time { max-width: 260px; }
+.ngb-label { max-width: 360px; }
 .ngb-table-wrap { overflow-x: auto; }
 .ngb-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
 .ngb-table th, .ngb-table td { text-align: start; padding: 4px 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border); }
 .ngb-failed { color: var(--color-error-text); }
 .ngb-muted { color: var(--color-text-maxcontrast); }
-.ngb-trash { margin: 12px 0; }
-.ngb-trash h3 { font-weight: bold; }
 .ngb-done { color: var(--color-success-text); }
 </style>
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+<!--
+  - SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Dillard Blom
+  - SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+-->
+<template>
+	<NcSettingsSection :name="t('ng_backup', 'Bin')"
+		:description="t('ng_backup', 'Restore points that were removed, most of them by the retention policy. They can be brought back until they are deleted permanently.')">
+		<NcNoteCard v-if="error" type="error">{{ error }}</NcNoteCard>
+		<div v-if="reading" class="ngb-reading" role="status">
+			<template v-if="reading.total === null">
+				<NcLoadingIcon :size="20" />
+				<span>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Connecting to {location} …', { location: reading.name }) }}</span>
+			</template>
+			<template v-else>
+				<span>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Reading removed restore points from {location}: {done} of {total}', { location: reading.name, done: reading.done, total: reading.total }) }}</span>
+				<NcProgressBar :value="reading.total ? Math.round(100 * reading.done / reading.total) : 0" />
+			</template>
+			<p class="ngb-muted">{{ t('ng_backup', 'This can take a while: every removed restore point is read from the location.') }}</p>
+		</div>
+		<NcNoteCard v-else-if="empty && !error" type="info">{{ t('ng_backup', 'The bin is empty.') }}</NcNoteCard>
+
+		<template v-for="target in status.targets" :key="'trash' + target.id">
+			<div v-if="trash[target.id]?.length" class="ngb-trash">
+				<h3>{{ status.targets.length > 1 ? target.name : t('ng_backup', 'Removed restore points') }}</h3>
+				<ul>
+					<li v-for="item in trash[target.id]" :key="item.id">
+						{{ item.time ? formatDateTime(item.time) : item.id }}{{ item.label ? ' – ' + item.label : '' }}
+						<span class="ngb-muted">{{ t('ng_backup', 'removed by {by}, deleted after {date}', { by: item.by, date: formatDate(item.deleteAfter) }) }}</span>
+						<button v-if="item.by === RETENTION"
+							class="ngb-info"
+							:aria-expanded="retentionInfo ? 'true' : 'false'"
+							:aria-label="t('ng_backup', 'What does this mean?')"
+							:title="t('ng_backup', 'What does this mean?')"
+							@click="retentionInfo = !retentionInfo">
+							ⓘ
+						</button>
+						<NcButton variant="tertiary" @click="untrash(target, item)">{{ t('ng_backup', 'Restore') }}</NcButton>
+					</li>
+				</ul>
+				<NcNoteCard v-if="retentionInfo && trash[target.id].some(item => item.by === RETENTION)" type="info">
+					{{ n('ng_backup',
+						'The retention policy keeps the newest restore points, and for older days, weeks and months only the last restore point of each. It moves the others to this bin, where they stay for %n day before they are deleted permanently. Until then you can bring one back with "Restore". Nothing was lost by accident.',
+						'The retention policy keeps the newest restore points, and for older days, weeks and months only the last restore point of each. It moves the others to this bin, where they stay for %n days before they are deleted permanently. Until then you can bring one back with "Restore". Nothing was lost by accident.',
+						status.key.deleteDelayDays) }}
+				</NcNoteCard>
+			</div>
+		</template>
+	</NcSettingsSection>
+</template>
+
+<script setup>
+import { computed, onBeforeUnmount, reactive, ref, watch } from 'vue'
+import { n, t } from '@nextcloud/l10n'
+import { confirmPassword } from '@nextcloud/password-confirmation'
+import NcButton from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcButton'
+import NcLoadingIcon from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcLoadingIcon'
+import NcNoteCard from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcNoteCard'
+import NcProgressBar from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcProgressBar'
+import NcSettingsSection from '@nextcloud/vue/components/NcSettingsSection'
+import api from '../api.js'
+import { formatDate, formatDateTime } from '../format.js'
+
+const props = defineProps({ status: { type: Object, required: true } })
+const emit = defineEmits(['changed'])
+
+// "by" of a restore point the weekly cleanup removed (PruneService)
+const RETENTION = 'retention policy'
+const retentionInfo = ref(false)
+const trash = reactive({})
+const reading = ref({ name: '', total: null, done: 0 }) // the location being read; null when done
+const error = ref('')
+const empty = computed(() => props.status.targets.every(target => !trash[target.id]?.length))
+
+let current = 0 // the newest load; an older one stops (another took over, or the tab was left)
+onBeforeUnmount(() => { current++ })
+
+async function loadTarget(target, load) {
+	reading.value = { name: target.name, total: null, done: 0 }
+	const items = []
+	for (;;) {
+		const page = await api.trash(target.id, items.length ? items[items.length - 1].id : '')
+		if (load !== current) {
+			return
+		}
+		items.push(...page.items)
+		reading.value = { name: target.name, total: page.total, done: Math.min(items.length, page.total) }
+		if (!page.items.length || items.length >= page.total) {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	trash[target.id] = items.sort((a, b) => String(b.time ?? '').localeCompare(String(a.time ?? '')))
+}
+
+async function loadTrash() {
+	const load = ++current
+	const failed = []
+	for (const target of props.status.targets) {
+		try {
+			await loadTarget(target, load)
+		} catch (e) {
+			// keep what was shown: a location that cannot be reached does not mean its bin is empty
+			failed.push(target.name + (e?.message ? ': ' + e.message : ''))
+		}
+		if (load !== current) {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	error.value = failed.length ? t('ng_backup', 'The bin could not be read from {locations}', { locations: failed.join('; ') }) : ''
+	reading.value = null
+}
+// Again when a run ends: a cleanup moves restore points here.
+watch(() => props.status.targets.map(tg => tg.id).join(',') + '|' + (props.status.runs ?? []).filter(run => run.status !== 'running').map(run => run.id).join(','), loadTrash, { immediate: true })
+
+async function untrash(target, item) {
+	error.value = ''
+	try {
+		await confirmPassword()
+		await api.untrash(target.id, item.id)
+		await loadTrash()
+		emit('changed')
+	} catch (e) {
+		error.value = e?.message || ''
+	}
+}
+</script>
+
+<style scoped>
+.ngb-info { background: none; border: none; padding: 0 4px; min-height: auto; cursor: pointer; color: var(--color-primary-element); }
+.ngb-muted { color: var(--color-text-maxcontrast); }
+.ngb-reading { margin: 12px 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; max-width: 600px; }
+.ngb-reading p { margin: 0; }
+.ngb-trash { margin: 12px 0; }
+.ngb-trash h3 { font-weight: bold; }
+</style>
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 			<NcPasswordField v-model="pass2" :label="t('ng_backup', 'Repeat passphrase')" autocomplete="new-password"
 				:error="pass2 !== '' && pass1 !== pass2" :helper-text="pass2 !== '' && pass1 !== pass2 ? t('ng_backup', 'The passphrases do not match') : ''" />
 			<NcTextField v-model="delay" type="number" min="1" max="365"
-				:label="t('ng_backup', 'Days a removed backup stays in the trash before it is really deleted')"
+				:label="t('ng_backup', 'Days a removed backup stays in the Bin before it is really deleted')"
 				:helper-text="t('ng_backup', 'Protects against a malicious or mistaken cleanup. Cannot be changed later.')" />
 			<NcButton type="submit" variant="primary" :disabled="busy || pass1.length < 16 || pass1 !== pass2 || !(delay >= 1 && delay <= 365)">
 				{{ t('ng_backup', 'Create backup key') }}
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 		<template v-else>
 			<p>
 				{{ t('ng_backup', 'Key fingerprint: {fingerprint}', { fingerprint: status.key.fingerprint }) }} ·
-				{{ t('ng_backup', 'Removed backups are kept in the trash for {days} days', { days: status.key.deleteDelayDays }) }}
+				{{ t('ng_backup', 'Removed backups are kept in the Bin for {days} days', { days: status.key.deleteDelayDays }) }}
 			</p>

 			<!-- Passphrase slots -->
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Backend;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\ExternalStorageFactory;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+/** ExternalStorageFactory::normalizePrivateKey(): keys that phpseclib 2 read, for phpseclib 3 (#24). */
+class ExternalStorageFactoryTest extends TestCase {
+	/** An OpenSSH-format key laid out as ssh-keygen writes it; the body is random, not a real key. */
+	private static function key(): string {
+		$body = base64_encode(random_bytes(1000));
+		return "-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----\n" . chunk_split($body, 70, "\n") . "-----END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----\n";
+	}
+
+	public function testRestoresLostLineBreaks(): void {
+		$key = self::key();
+		$this->assertSame($key, ExternalStorageFactory::normalizePrivateKey($key));
+		$this->assertSame($key, ExternalStorageFactory::normalizePrivateKey(str_replace("\n", ' ', $key)), 'newlines as spaces');
+		$this->assertSame($key, ExternalStorageFactory::normalizePrivateKey(str_replace("\n", '', $key)), 'no newlines');
+		$this->assertSame($key, ExternalStorageFactory::normalizePrivateKey(str_replace("\n", "\r\n", $key)), 'CRLF');
+		$this->assertSame($key, ExternalStorageFactory::normalizePrivateKey(rtrim($key)), 'no trailing newline');
+		$this->assertSame($key, ExternalStorageFactory::normalizePrivateKey(preg_replace('/^/m', '  ', $key)), 'indented');
+	}
+
+	public function testLeavesOtherFormatsAlone(): void {
+		$pem = "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\nProc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED\nDEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,FF44E0A94036766C\n\nAAAA\n-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\n";
+		$this->assertSame($pem, ExternalStorageFactory::normalizePrivateKey($pem));
+		$this->assertSame('not a key', ExternalStorageFactory::normalizePrivateKey('not a key'));
+		$odd = "-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----\\nAAAA\\n-----END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----";
+		$this->assertSame($odd, ExternalStorageFactory::normalizePrivateKey($odd), 'not base64 inside: unchanged');
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Command;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Command\TargetAdd;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+class TargetAddEstimateTest extends TestCase {
+	public function testNoEstimateFromTheFirstFewFiles(): void {
+		// 4,568 index files, 10 in after 6 s: too few to say anything
+		$this->assertNull(TargetAdd::minutesLeft(6.0, 10, 4558, 4568));
+	}
+
+	public function testEstimateOnceEnoughFilesCameIn(): void {
+		// 300 files in 10 s: 4,268 left at 30 a second is about 2.4 minutes
+		$this->assertSame(3, TargetAdd::minutesLeft(10.0, 300, 4268, 4568));
+	}
+
+	public function testFivePercentOfASmallIndexIsEnough(): void {
+		// 6 of 100 files in 6 s: 94 left at one a second is about 1.6 minutes
+		$this->assertSame(2, TargetAdd::minutesLeft(6.0, 6, 94, 100));
+	}
+
+	public function testNoEstimateInTheFirstSecondsOrWhenDone(): void {
+		$this->assertNull(TargetAdd::minutesLeft(2.0, 500, 4000, 4500));
+		$this->assertNull(TargetAdd::minutesLeft(60.0, 4568, 0, 4568));
+	}
+}
@@ -14,4 +14,11 @@ class FormatTest extends TestCase {
 		$this->assertSame('1d 00:00:00', Format::duration(86400));
 		$this->assertSame('1d 12:10:13', Format::duration(86400 + 12 * 3600 + 10 * 60 + 13));
 	}
+
+	public function testTimeInZone(): void {
+		$t = (int)strtotime('2026-10-19 13:12:00 UTC');
+		$this->assertSame('2026-10-19 13:12', Format::time($t, 'UTC'));
+		$this->assertSame('2026-10-19 15:12', Format::time($t, 'Europe/Berlin')); // summer time
+		$this->assertSame('2026-12-01 01:00', Format::time((int)strtotime('2026-12-01 00:00:00 UTC'), 'Europe/Amsterdam'));
+	}
 }
@@ -24,4 +24,25 @@ class BackupProgressTest extends TestCase {
 		$this->assertNull(BackupRun::progress(['phase' => 'files', 'estimate' => ['bytes' => 0, 'approximate' => true], 'stats' => ['bytes' => 1]]));
 		$this->assertNull(BackupRun::progress(['phase' => 'commit', 'estimate' => ['bytes' => 10, 'approximate' => false], 'stats' => ['bytes' => 1]]));
 	}
+
+	private static function runIn(string $phase, array $state, string $status = \OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run::RUNNING): \OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run {
+		$run = new \OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run();
+		$run->setStatus($status);
+		$run->setPhase($phase);
+		$run->setState(json_encode($state, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR));
+		return $run;
+	}
+
+	public function testDatabasePhaseCountsTheTablesDumped(): void {
+		$run = self::runIn('db', ['dump' => ['tables' => array_fill(0, 183, 'oc_t'), 'i' => 47]]);
+		$this->assertSame(['fraction' => 47 / 183, 'approximate' => false, 'tables' => 47, 'totalTables' => 183], BackupRun::progressOf($run));
+	}
+
+	public function testDatabasePhaseHasNoFigureBeforeItsFirstStep(): void {
+		$this->assertNull(BackupRun::progressOf(self::runIn('db', ['files' => []])));
+	}
+
+	public function testNoProgressForAFinishedRun(): void {
+		$this->assertNull(BackupRun::progressOf(self::runIn('db', ['dump' => ['tables' => ['oc_a'], 'i' => 0]], \OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run::DONE)));
+	}
 }
@@ -28,6 +28,28 @@ class TreeWalkerTest extends TestCase {
 		$this->assertSame(['Z', 'a', 'a-b', 'a.txt', 'b', 'skip'], array_values(array_unique(array_map(fn ($p) => explode('/', $p)[0], $paths))));
 	}

+	public function testEmptyDirectoriesAreYieldedInOrderAndOnResume(): void {
+		$d = $this->tree();
+		mkdir("$d/a/empty");
+		mkdir("$d/a-hollow/inner", 0700, true);
+		symlink("$d/a.txt", "$d/skip/link");
+		mkdir("$d/only-link");
+		symlink("$d/a.txt", "$d/only-link/link");
+		$w = new TreeWalker(['' => $d]);
+		$all = array_keys(iterator_to_array($w->walk()));
+		$this->assertContains('a/empty', $all);
+		$this->assertContains('a-hollow/inner', $all);
+		$this->assertNotContains('a-hollow', $all, 'only the deepest');
+		$this->assertContains('only-link', $all, 'a link is not walked');
+		$this->assertNotContains('skip', $all);
+		$sorted = $all;
+		usort($sorted, [TreeWalker::class, 'compare']);
+		$this->assertSame($sorted, $all);
+		foreach ($all as $i => $cursor) {
+			$this->assertSame(array_slice($all, $i + 1), array_keys(iterator_to_array($w->walk($cursor))), "after $cursor");
+		}
+	}
+
 	public function testResumeAfterCursorYieldsTheRest(): void {
 		$w = new TreeWalker(['' => $this->tree()]);
 		$all = array_keys(iterator_to_array($w->walk()));
@@ -50,6 +50,40 @@ class CatalogTest extends TestCase {
 		$this->assertSame(4, $again->catalogGeneration());
 	}

+	public function testTheTrashIsReadInPartsThatTogetherAreAll(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'), $this->anchor);
+		for ($i = 0; $i < 3; $i++) {
+			$repo->forget($repo->backupDirectory($this->src)['snapshot']);
+		}
+		$again = $this->open();
+		$seen = [];
+		// A deadline already past: one entry per request, as on a slow location
+		$after = '';
+		for ($request = 0; count($seen) < 3 && $request < 5; $request++) {
+			$page = $again->trashPage($after, 0.0);
+			$this->assertSame(3, $page['total']);
+			$this->assertCount(1, $page['items']);
+			$seen += $page['items'];
+			$after = (string)array_key_last($page['items']);
+		}
+		$this->assertEqualsCanonicalizing(array_keys($again->trash()), array_keys($seen));
+		$this->assertSame(['total' => 3, 'items' => []], $again->trashPage($after, 0.0));
+		$this->assertCount(3, $again->trashPage('', microtime(true) + 60)['items']);
+	}
+
+	public function testAnEntryThatLeavesTheTrashBetweenPartsMakesNoneComeTwiceOrBeMissed(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'), $this->anchor);
+		for ($i = 0; $i < 3; $i++) {
+			$repo->forget($repo->backupDirectory($this->src)['snapshot']);
+		}
+		$reader = $this->open();
+		$ids = array_keys($reader->trashPage('', microtime(true) + 60)['items']);
+		$first = $reader->trashPage('', 0.0)['items'];
+		$this->assertSame([$ids[0]], array_keys($first));
+		$this->open()->untrash($ids[0]); // another administrator, between two parts
+		$this->assertSame([$ids[1], $ids[2]], array_keys($this->open()->trashPage($ids[0], microtime(true) + 60)['items']));
+	}
+
 	public function testRollbackIsDetected(): void {
 		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'), $this->anchor);
 		$repo->backupDirectory($this->src);
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Repository;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\LocalBackend;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Crypto\KeyRing;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Job\BackupRun;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Repository\Repository;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\TempDirTrait;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+/** Folders without files are recorded in the snapshot's meta record and come back on a restore. */
+class EmptyDirsTest extends TestCase {
+	use TempDirTrait;
+
+	private LocalBackend $backend;
+	private KeyRing $keys;
+	private string $src;
+
+	protected function setUp(): void {
+		$this->backend = new LocalBackend($this->tempDir());
+		$this->keys = KeyRing::generate();
+		Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'));
+		$this->src = $this->tempDir();
+		mkdir("$this->src/data/alice/files/Docs", 0700, true);
+		mkdir("$this->src/data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested", 0700, true);
+		mkdir("$this->src/data/skipped/inner", 0700, true);
+		file_put_contents("$this->src/data/alice/files/Docs/note.txt", "hello\n");
+		touch("$this->src/data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested", 1700000000);
+	}
+
+	private function repo(): Repository {
+		return Repository::openWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys);
+	}
+
+	/** @param list<string> $exclude */
+	private function backup(array $exclude = [], float $seconds = 30.0): string {
+		$state = BackupRun::start(['data' => "$this->src/data"], null, '', $exclude);
+		for ($i = 0; $i < 500 && $state['phase'] !== 'commit'; $i++) {
+			$state = json_decode(json_encode(BackupRun::step($this->repo(), $state, microtime(true) + $seconds)), true);
+		}
+		$this->assertSame('commit', $state['phase']);
+		$this->repo()->recordSnapshot($state['snapshot']);
+		return $state['snapshot'];
+	}
+
+	public function testOnlyTheDeepestEmptyFolderIsRecordedAndFilesStayAsTheyAre(): void {
+		$snapshot = $this->backup();
+		$paths = array_column($this->repo()->emptyDirs($snapshot), 0);
+		$this->assertSame(['data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested', 'data/skipped/inner'], $paths);
+		$this->assertSame(['data/alice/files/Docs/note.txt'], array_column(iterator_to_array($this->repo()->entries($snapshot), false), 'p'));
+		$this->assertSame(2, $this->repo()->snapshotMeta($snapshot)['stats']['emptyDirs']);
+	}
+
+	public function testAFolderWithOnlyExcludedContentCountsAsEmpty(): void {
+		$snapshot = $this->backup(['data/skipped/inner']);
+		$this->assertContains('data/skipped', array_column($this->repo()->emptyDirs($snapshot), 0));
+		$this->assertNotContains('data/skipped/inner', array_column($this->repo()->emptyDirs($snapshot), 0));
+	}
+
+	public function testAResumedWalkRecordsEveryFolderOnce(): void {
+		for ($i = 0; $i < 30; $i++) {
+			mkdir("$this->src/data/many/d$i", 0700, true);
+			file_put_contents("$this->src/data/many/f$i", 'x');
+		}
+		$snapshot = $this->backup([], 0.0); // a step per entry
+		$paths = array_column($this->repo()->emptyDirs($snapshot), 0);
+		$this->assertCount(32, $paths);
+		$this->assertSame(array_unique($paths), $paths);
+	}
+
+	public function testANameASnapshotCannotHoldIsReportedAndTheSnapshotStaysReadable(): void {
+		mkdir("$this->src/data/odd\\folder", 0700, true);
+		mkdir("$this->src/data/alice/files/line\nbreak", 0700, true);
+		file_put_contents("$this->src/data/alice/files/back\\slash.txt", 'x');
+		file_put_contents("$this->src/data/alice/files/\xff.txt", 'x');
+		$state = BackupRun::start(['data' => "$this->src/data"]);
+		for ($i = 0; $i < 50 && $state['phase'] !== 'commit'; $i++) {
+			// A step per entry, state through JSON: as separate processes would
+			$state = json_decode(json_encode(BackupRun::step($this->repo(), $state, 0.0), JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR), true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+		}
+		$this->assertSame('commit', $state['phase']);
+		$this->assertSame(4, $state['stats']['unreadable'], 'each reported once, over several steps');
+		$this->repo()->recordSnapshot($state['snapshot']);
+
+		$this->assertSame(['data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested', 'data/skipped/inner'], array_column($this->repo()->emptyDirs($state['snapshot']), 0));
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->assertSame(1, $this->repo()->restore($state['snapshot'], $target));
+		$this->assertFileExists("$target/data/alice/files/Docs/note.txt");
+	}
+
+	public function testAnEmptyFolderThatIsThePrefixItselfIsTheTarget(): void {
+		$snapshot = $this->backup();
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->repo()->restore($snapshot, $target, 'data/skipped/inner/', true);
+		$this->assertSame([], glob("$target/*"), 'not a folder "inner" inside the target');
+	}
+
+	public function testRestoreBringsThemBackWithTheirTime(): void {
+		$snapshot = $this->backup();
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->assertSame(1, $this->repo()->restore($snapshot, $target));
+		$this->assertDirectoryExists("$target/data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested");
+		clearstatcache();
+		$this->assertSame(1700000000, filemtime("$target/data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested"));
+		$this->assertDirectoryExists("$target/data/skipped/inner");
+	}
+
+	public function testRestoreOfAPrefixStripsAndLeavesOthersOut(): void {
+		$snapshot = $this->backup();
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->repo()->restore($snapshot, $target, 'data/alice/', true);
+		$this->assertDirectoryExists("$target/files/Hollow/Nested");
+		$this->assertDirectoryDoesNotExist("$target/skipped");
+		$this->assertDirectoryDoesNotExist("$target/inner");
+	}
+
+	public function testRunningAgainLeavesAFolderThatIsThereAlone(): void {
+		$snapshot = $this->backup();
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->repo()->restore($snapshot, $target);
+		touch("$target/data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested", 1800000000);
+		file_put_contents("$target/data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested/added", 'kept');
+		touch("$target/data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested", 1800000000);
+		$this->repo()->restore($snapshot, $target, keepUnchanged: true);
+		clearstatcache();
+		$this->assertSame(1800000000, filemtime("$target/data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested"));
+		$this->assertFileExists("$target/data/alice/files/Hollow/Nested/added");
+	}
+
+	public function testALinkOutOfTheTargetIsRefused(): void {
+		$snapshot = $this->backup();
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$outside = $this->tempDir();
+		mkdir("$target/data/alice/files", 0700, true);
+		symlink($outside, "$target/data/alice/files/Hollow");
+		try {
+			$this->repo()->restore($snapshot, $target);
+			$this->fail('restored through a link');
+		} catch (\OCA\NgBackup\Repository\RestoreTargetException $e) {
+			$this->assertStringContainsString('outside', $e->getMessage());
+		}
+		$this->assertSame([], glob("$outside/*"));
+	}
+
+	public function testASnapshotWithoutThemHasNone(): void {
+		$src = $this->tempDir();
+		file_put_contents("$src/a", 'x');
+		$snapshot = $this->repo()->backupDirectory($src)['snapshot'];
+		$this->assertSame([], $this->repo()->emptyDirs($snapshot));
+	}
+}
@@ -75,11 +75,14 @@ class ReadAheadTest extends TestCase {
 		$this->assertSame(2, $backend->snapshotReads, 'the restore itself read the snapshot again');
 	}

-	public function testTheEmptySpoolOfAStoppedRestoreIsRemoved(): void {
+	public function testTheSpoolOfAStoppedRestoreIsRemoved(): void {
 		$target = $this->tempDir();
 		mkdir("$target/.ngb-restore-spool-0badc0de", 0700); // a restore that was killed
+		mkdir("$target/.ngb-restore-spool-8badf00d", 0700); // ... while it wrote a range
+		file_put_contents("$target/.ngb-restore-spool-8badf00d/smb-01234567", str_repeat('x', 4096));

 		$this->assertRestored($this->restore(new ReadAheadBackend(new LocalBackend($this->root)), '', $target));
+		$this->assertSame([], glob("$target/.ngb-restore-spool-*"));
 	}

 	public function testARangeThatCouldNotBeReadAheadIsReadTheUsualWay(): void {
@@ -87,6 +87,74 @@ class RepositoryTest extends TestCase {
 		$this->assertSame(10, $repo->restore($r['snapshot'], $target, 'docs/d1/'));
 	}

+	public function testRestoreOfOneFile(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::init($this->backend, 'pw');
+		$r = $repo->backupDirectory($this->src);
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		// occ backup:restore --to-directory passes the path with a "/" appended
+		$this->assertSame(1, $repo->restore($r['snapshot'], $target, 'docs/d1/note-1.txt/'));
+		$this->assertSame(file_get_contents($this->src . '/docs/d1/note-1.txt'), file_get_contents($target . '/docs/d1/note-1.txt'));
+		$this->assertSame(0, $repo->restore($r['snapshot'], $this->tempDir(), 'docs/d1/note-1/'), 'a prefix of a name is not that file');
+
+		$stripped = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->assertSame(1, $repo->restore($r['snapshot'], $stripped, 'docs/d1/note-1.txt/', true));
+		$this->assertFileExists($stripped . '/note-1.txt');
+	}
+
+	public function testARestoreThatRunsAgainKeepsWhatIsInPlaceAndRestoresTheRest(): void {
+		$location = $this->tempDir();
+		$backend = new LocalBackend($location);
+		$repo = Repository::init($backend, 'pw');
+		$r = $repo->backupDirectory($this->src);
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$repo->restore($r['snapshot'], $target);
+
+		// as a stopped restore leaves it: one file not there yet, one with other content
+		unlink($target . '/docs/d1/note-1.txt');
+		file_put_contents($target . '/docs/d0/note-0.txt', 'something else');
+		$this->assertSame(34, $repo->restore($r['snapshot'], $target, keepUnchanged: true));
+		$this->assertSame(self::hashTree($this->src), self::hashTree($target));
+
+		// all in place: nothing is read from the location, which could not give it anyway now
+		self::removeTree($location . '/packs');
+		$this->assertSame(34, Repository::open($backend, 'pw')->restore($r['snapshot'], $target, keepUnchanged: true));
+		$this->expectException(\Throwable::class);
+		Repository::open($backend, 'pw')->restore($r['snapshot'], $target);
+	}
+
+	private static function removeTree(string $dir): void {
+		foreach (new \RecursiveIteratorIterator(new \RecursiveDirectoryIterator($dir, \FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS), \RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST) as $f) {
+			$f->isDir() ? rmdir($f->getPathname()) : unlink($f->getPathname());
+		}
+		rmdir($dir);
+	}
+
+	public function testRestoreRemovesTemporariesOfAStoppedRestore(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::init($this->backend, 'pw');
+		$r = $repo->backupDirectory($this->src);
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		mkdir($target . '/docs/d1', 0700, true);
+		mkdir($target . '/elsewhere', 0700, true);
+		$stale = [
+			$target . '/docs/d1/note-1.txt.ngb-restore-0123456789ab', // from a restore to a directory
+			$target . '/docs/d1/.note-4.txt.ngb-restore-a1b2c3', // from a restore through Nextcloud
+		];
+		$kept = [
+			$target . '/docs/d1/notes.ngb-restore-draft.txt', // not a temporary of ours
+			$target . '/elsewhere/x.ngb-restore-0123456789ab', // not a directory this restore writes to
+		];
+		foreach ([...$stale, ...$kept] as $f) {
+			file_put_contents($f, 'partial');
+		}
+		$repo->restore($r['snapshot'], $target, 'docs/');
+		foreach ($stale as $f) {
+			$this->assertFileDoesNotExist($f);
+		}
+		foreach ($kept as $f) {
+			$this->assertFileExists($f);
+		}
+	}
+
 	public function testWrongPassphrase(): void {
 		Repository::init($this->backend, 'pw');
 		$this->expectException(CryptoException::class);
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Repository;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\LocalBackend;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Command\Restore;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Crypto\KeyRing;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Repository\Repository;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Repository\RestoreTargetException;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\TempDirTrait;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+/** A stream that takes at most 3 bytes per write. */
+class PartialWriteStream {
+	public static string $written = '';
+	/** @var resource|null set by PHP */
+	public $context;
+
+	public function stream_open(string $path, string $mode, int $options, ?string &$opened): bool {
+		self::$written = '';
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	public function stream_write(string $data): int {
+		$part = substr($data, 0, 3);
+		self::$written .= $part;
+		return strlen($part);
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * What goes wrong where a restore writes to is not damage in the backup: it stops the restore, also
+ * with --salvage, and the message does not point at --salvage.
+ */
+class RestoreTargetTest extends TestCase {
+	use TempDirTrait;
+
+	private LocalBackend $backend;
+	private KeyRing $keys;
+	private string $snapshot;
+
+	protected function setUp(): void {
+		$this->backend = new LocalBackend($this->tempDir());
+		$this->keys = KeyRing::generate();
+		$src = $this->tempDir();
+		mkdir("$src/dir");
+		file_put_contents("$src/dir/a.bin", random_bytes(6 * 1048576));
+		file_put_contents("$src/dir/b.bin", random_bytes(6 * 1048576));
+		file_put_contents("$src/dir/c.txt", 'small');
+		$this->snapshot = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'))->backupDirectory($src)['snapshot'];
+	}
+
+	private function repo(): Repository {
+		return Repository::openWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys);
+	}
+
+	public function testAShortWriteIsATargetError(): void {
+		if (!is_writable('/dev/full')) {
+			$this->markTestSkipped('needs /dev/full');
+		}
+		$out = fopen('/dev/full', 'wb');
+		stream_set_write_buffer($out, 0);
+		$this->expectException(RestoreTargetException::class);
+		Repository::writeAll($out, 'data', 'dir/a.bin');
+	}
+
+	public function testAWriteThatTakesPartOfTheDataGoesOn(): void {
+		stream_wrapper_register('ngbpartial', PartialWriteStream::class);
+		try {
+			$out = fopen('ngbpartial://x', 'wb');
+			Repository::writeAll($out, 'abcdefgh', 'dir/a.bin');
+			fclose($out);
+			$this->assertSame('abcdefgh', PartialWriteStream::$written);
+		} finally {
+			stream_wrapper_unregister('ngbpartial');
+		}
+	}
+
+	public function testATargetErrorDoesNotLookLikeDamage(): void {
+		$this->assertFalse(Restore::backupLooksDamaged(new RestoreTargetException('Cannot write')));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * A real full disk: run with NGB_TEST_SMALL_DISK set to an empty, writable tmpfs of a few MiB
+	 * (docker run --tmpfs /small:size=8m,uid=...), with and without --salvage.
+	 *
+	 * @dataProvider salvageOrNot
+	 */
+	public function testAFullDiskStopsTheRestoreAndLeavesNoTemporary(bool $salvage): void {
+		$disk = getenv('NGB_TEST_SMALL_DISK');
+		if ($disk === false || $disk === '') {
+			$this->markTestSkipped('needs NGB_TEST_SMALL_DISK');
+		}
+		$target = $disk . '/' . bin2hex(random_bytes(4));
+		$skipped = $salvage ? [] : null;
+		try {
+			$this->repo()->restore($this->snapshot, $target, skipped: $skipped);
+			$this->fail('12 MiB fitted on the small disk');
+		} catch (RestoreTargetException $e) {
+			$this->assertStringContainsString('disk full', $e->getMessage());
+		} finally {
+			$left = glob("$target/dir/*.ngb-restore-*");
+			foreach (glob("$target/dir/*") ?: [] as $f) {
+				unlink($f);
+			}
+			@rmdir("$target/dir");
+			@rmdir($target);
+		}
+		$this->assertSame([], $left);
+		if ($salvage) {
+			$this->assertSame([], $skipped, 'nothing is listed as damaged');
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** @return array<string, array{bool}> */
+	public static function salvageOrNot(): array {
+		return ['without --salvage' => [false], 'with --salvage' => [true]];
+	}
+
+	public function testResumeChecksTheFolderBeforeSkipping(): void {
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->repo()->restore($this->snapshot, $target);
+		$outside = $this->tempDir();
+		rename("$target/dir", "$outside/dir");
+		symlink("$outside/dir", "$target/dir");
+		$this->expectException(RestoreTargetException::class);
+		$this->repo()->restore($this->snapshot, $target, keepUnchanged: true);
+	}
+
+	public function testResumeRemovesTemporariesWhereEverythingIsInPlace(): void {
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->repo()->restore($this->snapshot, $target);
+		file_put_contents("$target/dir/a.bin.ngb-restore-0123456789ab", 'left by a stopped restore');
+		$this->repo()->restore($this->snapshot, $target, keepUnchanged: true);
+		$this->assertFileDoesNotExist("$target/dir/a.bin.ngb-restore-0123456789ab");
+	}
+
+	public function testHeartbeatRunsForFilesThatAreSkipped(): void {
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->repo()->restore($this->snapshot, $target);
+		$beats = 0;
+		$this->repo()->restore($this->snapshot, $target, '', false, function () use (&$beats): void {
+			$beats++;
+		}, keepUnchanged: true);
+		$this->assertSame(3, $beats);
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Repository;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\LocalBackend;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Crypto\KeyRing;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Repository\Repository;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\TempDirTrait;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * --salvage: a file whose data is damaged on the location is left out and listed, the rest of the
+ * restore goes on. Without it, the restore stops at that file.
+ */
+class SalvageTest extends TestCase {
+	use TempDirTrait;
+
+	private string $root;
+	private KeyRing $keys;
+	private string $src;
+	private string $snapshot;
+
+	protected function setUp(): void {
+		$this->root = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->keys = KeyRing::generate();
+		$this->src = $this->tempDir();
+		mkdir("$this->src/docs");
+		// Incompressible, 2 MiB each: every file is a blob of its own in one pack
+		foreach (['a', 'b', 'c'] as $name) {
+			file_put_contents("$this->src/docs/$name.bin", random_bytes(2 * 1048576));
+		}
+		file_put_contents("$this->src/note.txt", "small\n");
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey(new LocalBackend($this->root), $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'));
+		$this->snapshot = $repo->backupDirectory($this->src)['snapshot'];
+	}
+
+	/** Flip bytes in the middle of the (only) pack: inside one of the 2 MiB files. */
+	private function damagePack(): void {
+		$packs = glob($this->root . '/packs/*/*');
+		$this->assertCount(1, $packs);
+		$fh = fopen($packs[0], 'r+b');
+		$middle = intdiv(filesize($packs[0]), 2);
+		fseek($fh, $middle);
+		$bytes = fread($fh, 16);
+		fseek($fh, $middle);
+		fwrite($fh, ~$bytes);
+		fclose($fh);
+	}
+
+	public function testSalvageLeavesOutTheDamagedFileAndRestoresTheRest(): void {
+		$this->damagePack();
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$skipped = [];
+
+		$restored = Repository::openWithKey(new LocalBackend($this->root), $this->keys)
+			->restore($this->snapshot, $target, '', false, null, $skipped);
+
+		$this->assertSame(3, $restored);
+		$this->assertCount(1, $skipped);
+		$damaged = array_key_first($skipped);
+		$this->assertMatchesRegularExpression('#^docs/[abc]\.bin$#', $damaged);
+		$this->assertFileDoesNotExist("$target/$damaged");
+		foreach (['docs/a.bin', 'docs/b.bin', 'docs/c.bin', 'note.txt'] as $file) {
+			if ($file !== $damaged) {
+				$this->assertFileEquals("$this->src/$file", "$target/$file");
+			}
+		}
+		$this->assertSame([], glob("$target/docs/*.ngb-restore-*"), 'no temporary left of the damaged file');
+	}
+
+	public function testWithoutSalvageTheRestoreStopsAtTheDamagedFile(): void {
+		$this->damagePack();
+
+		$this->expectException(\Exception::class);
+		Repository::openWithKey(new LocalBackend($this->root), $this->keys)->restore($this->snapshot, $this->tempDir());
+	}
+
+	public function testSalvageOfAnUndamagedSnapshotSkipsNothing(): void {
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$skipped = [];
+
+		$this->assertSame(4, Repository::openWithKey(new LocalBackend($this->root), $this->keys)
+			->restore($this->snapshot, $target, '', false, null, $skipped));
+		$this->assertSame([], $skipped);
+	}
+}
@@ -106,4 +106,51 @@ class UserExportTest extends TestCase {
 		$this->expectExceptionMessage('missing on the location');
 		$repo->listUserExports();
 	}
+
+	public function testResolveTakesARecordedPathAsIs(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'), $this->anchor);
+		$path = 'users/alice/20261005T120000Z-aaaa0001';
+		$this->putManifest($repo, $path);
+
+		$this->assertSame($path, $repo->resolveUserExport($path));
+	}
+
+	public function testResolveTakesAUserIdWithOneExport(): void {
+		// Issue #22: "backup:user:restore <location> New_User" was rejected as not a recorded export.
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'), $this->anchor);
+		$path = 'users/alice/20261005T120000Z-aaaa0001';
+		$this->putManifest($repo, $path);
+		$this->putManifest($repo, 'users/alice2/20261005T120000Z-aaaa0002');
+
+		$this->assertSame($path, $repo->resolveUserExport('alice'));
+		$this->assertSame($path, $repo->resolveUserExport('users/alice/'));
+	}
+
+	public function testResolveListsTheExportsOfAUserWithMore(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'), $this->anchor);
+		$this->putManifest($repo, 'users/alice/20261005T120000Z-aaaa0001');
+		$this->putManifest($repo, 'users/alice/20261006T120000Z-aaaa0002');
+
+		$this->expectException(RepositoryException::class);
+		$this->expectExceptionMessage("alice has 2 exports here; pass one of these (newest first):\n  users/alice/20261006T120000Z-aaaa0002\n  users/alice/20261005T120000Z-aaaa0001");
+		$repo->resolveUserExport('alice');
+	}
+
+	public function testResolveListsTheExportsOfTheUserOfAWrongPath(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'), $this->anchor);
+		$this->putManifest($repo, 'users/alice/20261005T120000Z-aaaa0001');
+
+		$this->expectException(RepositoryException::class);
+		$this->expectExceptionMessage("users/alice/typo is not a recorded user export for this location; pass one of these (newest first):\n  users/alice/20261005T120000Z-aaaa0001");
+		$repo->resolveUserExport('users/alice/typo');
+	}
+
+	public function testResolveNamesTheExpectedFormForAUserWithoutExports(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'), $this->anchor);
+		$this->putManifest($repo, 'users/alice/20261005T120000Z-aaaa0001');
+
+		$this->expectException(RepositoryException::class);
+		$this->expectExceptionMessage('bob has no exports here. Expected users/<uid>/<exportId>; occ backup:user:list shows the exports');
+		$repo->resolveUserExport('bob');
+	}
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Service;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Db\Run;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Service\CronHealth;
+use OCP\Exceptions\AppConfigTypeConflictException;
+use OCP\IAppConfig;
+use OCP\IURLGenerator;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+class CronHealthTest extends TestCase {
+	private const NOW = 1_800_000_000;
+	private const DOCS = 'https://docs.example.com/background-jobs';
+
+	private function health(string $mode, ?int $lastCron, bool $lastCronIsInt = false): CronHealth {
+		$config = $this->createMock(IAppConfig::class);
+		$config->method('getValueString')->willReturnCallback(function (string $app, string $key, string $default) use ($mode, $lastCron, $lastCronIsInt): string {
+			if ($key === 'backgroundjobs_mode') {
+				return $mode;
+			}
+			if ($lastCronIsInt) {
+				throw new AppConfigTypeConflictException('stored as int');
+			}
+			return $lastCron === null ? $default : (string)$lastCron;
+		});
+		$config->method('getValueInt')->willReturn($lastCron ?? 0);
+		$urls = $this->createMock(IURLGenerator::class);
+		$urls->method('linkToDocs')->with('admin-background-jobs')->willReturn(self::DOCS);
+		return new CronHealth($config, $urls);
+	}
+
+	public function testSystemCronThatRanRecentlyIsFine(): void {
+		$check = $this->health('cron', self::NOW - 120)->check(self::NOW);
+		$this->assertTrue($check['ok']);
+		$this->assertFalse($check['stopped']);
+		$this->assertNull(CronHealth::describe($check, self::NOW));
+	}
+
+	public function testAjaxAndWebcronAreNotEnough(): void {
+		foreach (['ajax' => 'AJAX', 'webcron' => 'Webcron'] as $mode => $name) {
+			$check = $this->health($mode, self::NOW - 60)->check(self::NOW);
+			$this->assertFalse($check['ok'], $mode);
+			$this->assertFalse($check['stopped'], $mode);
+			$this->assertStringContainsString("they are set to \"$name\" and last ran 1 min ago.", (string)CronHealth::describe($check, self::NOW));
+			$this->assertStringContainsString(self::DOCS, (string)CronHealth::describe($check, self::NOW));
+		}
+	}
+
+	public function testSystemCronThatStoppedRunning(): void {
+		$check = $this->health('cron', self::NOW - 2 * 3600)->check(self::NOW);
+		$this->assertFalse($check['ok']);
+		$this->assertTrue($check['stopped']);
+		$this->assertStringContainsString('has not run for over an hour (last ran 2 h ago)', (string)CronHealth::describe($check, self::NOW));
+	}
+
+	public function testDefaultsToAjaxThatNeverRan(): void {
+		$check = $this->health('ajax', null)->check(self::NOW);
+		$this->assertSame(0, $check['lastRun']);
+		$this->assertStringContainsString('and never ran.', (string)CronHealth::describe($check, self::NOW));
+	}
+
+	public function testReadsALastRunStoredAsAnInteger(): void {
+		$check = $this->health('cron', self::NOW - 60, true)->check(self::NOW);
+		$this->assertSame(self::NOW - 60, $check['lastRun']);
+		$this->assertTrue($check['ok']);
+	}
+
+	public function testARunningBackupWaitsForBackgroundJobsWhenItDidNotMoveForAWhile(): void {
+		$run = new Run();
+		$run->setStatus(Run::RUNNING);
+		$run->setUpdatedAt(self::NOW - 12 * 60);
+		$this->assertNull(CronHealth::waitingFor($run, self::NOW));
+		$run->setUpdatedAt(self::NOW - CronHealth::WAITING_AFTER);
+		$this->assertSame(CronHealth::WAITING_AFTER, CronHealth::waitingFor($run, self::NOW));
+		$run->setStatus(Run::DONE);
+		$this->assertNull(CronHealth::waitingFor($run, self::NOW));
+	}
+
+	public function testAgo(): void {
+		$this->assertSame('1 min ago', CronHealth::ago(10));
+		$this->assertSame('12 min ago', CronHealth::ago(12 * 60));
+		$this->assertSame('3 h ago', CronHealth::ago(3 * 3600 + 5));
+		$this->assertSame('4 days ago', CronHealth::ago(4 * 86400));
+	}
+}
@@ -2,13 +2,18 @@
 # Disaster recovery: occ backup:key:import + backup:target:add + backup:restore:full on a
 # SECOND, fresh Nextcloud instance that never saw the first one, sharing only the backup
 # location (a local directory, bind-mounted into both containers) -- see PLAN.md 3.7.
-# Usage: full-restore-roundtrip.sh <nextcloud-image-tag> [sqlite|pgsql|mysql] [legacy|sftp|to-pgsql|to-mysql|to-sqlite]
+# Usage: full-restore-roundtrip.sh <nextcloud-image-tag> [sqlite|pgsql|mysql] [legacy|sftp|salvage|salvage-files|to-pgsql|to-mysql|to-sqlite]
 #   e.g. full-restore-roundtrip.sh 35-apache pgsql
+# With "salvage-files" one pack is damaged and another is gone from the location. The restore must
+# stop and point at --salvage; run again as the guide says, it restores the database and every file
+# that can be read, and lists the rest (exit 2). NGB_FRT_DATA_MB sets the amount of data (default 200).
 # With "sftp" the location is an SFTP server instead of a shared directory, and the origin has a
 # file spread over several packs: the restore reads them ahead on connections of its own.
 # With "to-<db>" the restore instance runs that database whatever the origin runs (a MySQL or
 # SQLite backup records no ID counters; after the restore new rows must not collide with restored
 # ones, whatever the database on either side).
+# With "salvage" the snapshot's database dump is damaged on the location: the restore must stop
+# without changing anything, and with --salvage put the files in a folder of their own.
 # With "legacy" the origin runs NG Backup 1.0.0-rc.1 (0.9.7), whose backups do not record the
 # structure of their tables: the restore must then leave the tables of the disabled app out
 # with --skip-missing-tables, as for a real backup made before 1.0.0-rc.2.
@@ -34,7 +39,7 @@ cleanup() {
 	docker network rm "$NET" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
 	docker run --rm -v "$SHARED:/target" alpine sh -c 'rm -rf /target/*' >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
 	rmdir "$SHARED" 2>/dev/null || true
-	rm -f /tmp/ngb-frt-kit.json /tmp/ngb-frt-pass
+	rm -f /tmp/ngb-frt-kit.json /tmp/ngb-frt-pass /tmp/ngb-frt-sums
 	[ -n "${LEGACY_DIR:-}" ] && rm -rf "$LEGACY_DIR"
 	return 0
 }
@@ -97,12 +102,23 @@ ok "key, kit and location on the origin"

 NC_PASS=$(openssl rand -hex 16)
 docker exec -u www-data -e OC_PASS="$NC_PASS" ngb-frt-origin php occ user:add --password-from-env frtest >/dev/null
-docker exec ngb-frt-origin sh -c "mkdir -p /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs && head -c 200000 /dev/urandom > /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/report.bin && echo 'hello disaster recovery' > /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/note.txt && chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/data/frtest"
+docker exec ngb-frt-origin sh -c "mkdir -p /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Empty/Nested && head -c 200000 /dev/urandom > /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/report.bin && echo 'hello disaster recovery' > /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/note.txt && chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/data/frtest"
 if [ "$MODE" = sftp ]; then
 	# about three packs of 32 MiB
 	docker exec ngb-frt-origin sh -c "head -c 90000000 /dev/urandom > /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/large.bin && chown www-data:www-data /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/large.bin"
 	LARGE_SUM=$(docker exec ngb-frt-origin sha256sum /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/large.bin | cut -d' ' -f1)
 fi
+if [ "$MODE" = salvage-files ]; then
+	# Half in large files that fill packs of their own, half in files of 1 MiB; incompressible
+	DATA_MB=${NGB_FRT_DATA_MB:-200}
+	docker exec -e DATA_MB="$DATA_MB" ngb-frt-origin sh -c '
+		cd /var/www/html/data/frtest/files && mkdir -p Large Small/a Small/b
+		i=0; while [ $((i * 50)) -lt $((DATA_MB / 2)) ]; do head -c 52428800 /dev/urandom > Large/f$i.bin; i=$((i + 1)); done
+		i=0; while [ $i -lt $((DATA_MB / 2)) ]; do head -c 1048576 /dev/urandom > Small/$([ $((i % 2)) = 0 ] && echo a || echo b)/f$i.bin; i=$((i + 1)); done
+		chown -R www-data:www-data . && find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sha256sum > /tmp/frt-sums'
+	docker cp ngb-frt-origin:/tmp/frt-sums /tmp/ngb-frt-sums
+	ok "origin has $DATA_MB MiB of test data, $(wc -l < /tmp/ngb-frt-sums) files"
+fi
 run_on ngb-frt-origin files:scan frtest >/dev/null

 # SQL on an instance's own database (pgsql/mysql only)
@@ -135,6 +151,24 @@ RUN_OUT=$(run_on ngb-frt-origin backup:run offsite -l disaster-test)
 SNAP=$(printf '%s\n' "$RUN_OUT" | head -1 | awk -F'snapshot ' '{print $2}' | tr -d ',')
 [ -n "$SNAP" ] || fail "no snapshot id from backup:run"
 ok "test data backed up, snapshot $SNAP"
+if [ "$MODE" = salvage ]; then
+	# The database dump of this snapshot damaged on the location: a byte flipped in its manifest
+	docker exec -u www-data ngb-frt-origin php -r '$p = "/mnt/shared/repo/db/" . $argv[1]; $d = file_get_contents($p); $i = intdiv(strlen($d), 2); $d[$i] = ~$d[$i]; file_put_contents($p, $d);' "$SNAP" \
+		|| fail "damage the database dump"
+	ok "database dump of the snapshot damaged on the location"
+fi
+if [ "$MODE" = salvage-files ]; then
+	# The two largest packs hold user files for sure: bytes flipped in one, the other gone
+	docker exec -u www-data ngb-frt-origin php -r '
+		$packs = glob("/mnt/shared/repo/packs/*/*");
+		usort($packs, fn ($a, $b) => filesize($b) <=> filesize($a));
+		count($packs) >= 3 or exit(1);
+		$h = fopen($packs[0], "r+b");
+		for ($o = 4096; $o < filesize($packs[0]); $o += 1048576) { fseek($h, $o); $b = fread($h, 16); fseek($h, $o); fwrite($h, ~$b); }
+		fclose($h);
+		unlink($packs[1]);' || fail "damage the packs"
+	ok "one pack damaged and one pack gone on the location"
+fi

 docker cp ngb-frt-origin:/tmp/kit.json /tmp/ngb-frt-kit.json
 docker exec ngb-frt-origin sh -c "cat /tmp/pass" > /tmp/ngb-frt-pass
@@ -164,6 +198,85 @@ printf '%s\n' "$LIST_OUT" | grep -q "$SNAP" || {
 }
 ok "recovery kit imported, existing repository adopted, snapshot visible"

+if [ "$MODE" = salvage ]; then
+	set +e
+	OUT=$(run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:restore:full offsite "$SNAP" --no-interaction 2>&1); CODE=$?
+	set -e
+	[ "$CODE" = 1 ] || { printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | tail -20; fail "a restore with a damaged database dump did not stop (exit $CODE)"; }
+	printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | grep -- "--salvage" >/dev/null || { printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | tail -20; fail "the stopped restore does not point at --salvage"; }
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore status 2>&1 | grep "maintenance: false" >/dev/null || fail "maintenance mode stayed on after a restore that changed nothing"
+	ok "damaged database dump: the restore stops before changing anything and points at --salvage"
+	set +e
+	OUT=$(run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:restore:full offsite "$SNAP" --no-interaction --salvage 2>&1); CODE=$?
+	set -e
+	[ "$CODE" = 2 ] || { printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | tail -30; fail "restore:full --salvage exited with $CODE, not 2"; }
+	SALVAGE=/var/www/html/data/ngb-salvage-${SNAP:0:12}
+	printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | grep "$SALVAGE" >/dev/null || { printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | tail -30; fail "the output does not name the salvage folder"; }
+	[ "$(docker exec ngb-frt-restore cat "$SALVAGE/data/frtest/files/Docs/note.txt")" = "hello disaster recovery" ] || fail "the user's file is not in the salvage folder"
+	docker exec ngb-frt-restore test -f "$SALVAGE/config/config.php" || fail "config.php is not in the salvage folder"
+	docker exec ngb-frt-restore test -d "$SALVAGE/data/frtest/files/Empty/Nested" || fail "the empty folder is not in the salvage folder"
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore user:list | grep frtest >/dev/null && fail "the fresh database was changed (the backed-up user is there)"
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore status 2>&1 | grep "maintenance: false" >/dev/null || fail "maintenance mode is still on after the salvage"
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:status >/dev/null || fail "backup:status fails after the salvage"
+	ok "with --salvage: the fresh database untouched, data and config of the backup in $SALVAGE (exit 2)"
+	echo "FULL RESTORE ROUNDTRIP PASS ($DB, salvage)"
+	exit 0
+fi
+
+if [ "$MODE" = salvage-files ]; then
+	set +e
+	OUT=$(run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:restore:full offsite "$SNAP" --no-interaction 2>&1); CODE=$?
+	set -e
+	[ "$CODE" = 1 ] || { printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | tail -20; fail "a restore with damaged data did not stop (exit $CODE)"; }
+	printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | grep -- "--salvage" >/dev/null || { printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | tail -20; fail "the stopped restore does not point at --salvage"; }
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore status 2>&1 | grep "maintenance: true" >/dev/null || fail "maintenance mode is off after a restore that stopped halfway"
+	ok "damaged data: the restore stops, keeps maintenance mode on and points at --salvage"
+
+	# As the guide and the message say: maintenance mode off and again, now with --salvage
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore maintenance:mode --off >/dev/null || fail "maintenance mode off"
+	set +e
+	OUT=$(run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:restore:full offsite "$SNAP" --no-interaction --salvage --force 2>&1); CODE=$?
+	set -e
+	[ "$CODE" = 2 ] || { printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | tail -30; fail "restore:full --salvage exited with $CODE, not 2"; }
+	printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | grep "could not be restored" >/dev/null || { printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | tail -30; fail "the damaged files are not listed"; }
+	printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | grep "ngb-salvage-" >/dev/null && { printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | tail -30; fail "the database was given up, only files are damaged"; }
+	docker cp /tmp/ngb-frt-sums ngb-frt-restore:/tmp/frt-sums
+	printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | docker exec -i ngb-frt-restore sh -c 'cat > /tmp/frt-out'
+	# Every file: listed and not there, or there and bit-identical
+	CHECK=$(docker exec ngb-frt-restore php -r '
+		$root = "/var/www/html/data/frtest/files/"; $listed = []; $reasons = [];
+		foreach (file("/tmp/frt-out", FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES) as $l) {
+			if (preg_match("#^  (?:data/)?frtest/files/(.+?): (.*)$#", $l, $m)) { $listed[$m[1]] = true; $reasons[] = $m[2]; }
+		}
+		$same = 0; $gone = 0; $bad = [];
+		foreach (file("/tmp/frt-sums", FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES) as $l) {
+			[$sum, $p] = preg_split("/\s+/", $l, 2); $p = substr($p, 2);
+			if (isset($listed[$p])) { file_exists($root . $p) ? $bad[] = "listed but there: $p" : $gone++; continue; }
+			if (!file_exists($root . $p)) { $bad[] = "not listed and not there: $p"; continue; }
+			hash_file("sha256", $root . $p) === $sum ? $same++ : $bad[] = "different: $p";
+		}
+		$walk = new RecursiveIteratorIterator(new RecursiveDirectoryIterator("/var/www/html/data", FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS), RecursiveIteratorIterator::SELF_FIRST);
+		foreach ($walk as $f) { if (str_contains($f->getFilename(), ".ngb-restore-")) { $bad[] = "temporary left: " . $f->getPathname(); } }
+		echo "same=$same gone=$gone bad=", count($bad), "\n", implode("\n", array_slice($bad, 0, 10)), "\n";
+		echo "reasons: ", implode(" | ", array_unique(array_map(fn ($r) => substr(preg_replace("#[0-9a-f]{16,}#", "<id>", $r), 0, 70), $reasons))), "\n";')
+	printf '%s\n' "$CHECK"
+	printf '%s\n' "$CHECK" | grep -q " bad=0" || fail "files after the salvage are not as listed"
+	printf '%s\n' "$CHECK" | grep -qE "same=[1-9]" || fail "nothing was restored"
+	printf '%s\n' "$CHECK" | grep -qE "gone=[1-9]" || fail "no user file was hit by the damage"
+	ok "with --salvage: every file listed and absent, or there and identical"
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore status 2>&1 | grep "maintenance: false" >/dev/null || fail "maintenance mode is still on after the salvage"
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore user:list | grep frtest >/dev/null || fail "the backed-up user is missing: the database was not restored"
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore user:list | grep admin >/dev/null || fail "the admin is missing: the database was not restored"
+	docker exec ngb-frt-restore test -d /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Empty/Nested || fail "the empty folder did not come back with --salvage"
+	[ "$(docker exec ngb-frt-restore cat /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/note.txt 2>/dev/null)" = "hello disaster recovery" ] \
+		|| printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | grep "Docs/note.txt" >/dev/null || fail "note.txt is neither restored nor listed"
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:status >/dev/null || fail "backup:status fails after the salvage"
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore files:scan frtest >/dev/null || fail "files:scan fails after the salvage"
+	ok "the database and config are the old server's, the instance works"
+	echo "FULL RESTORE ROUNDTRIP PASS ($DB, salvage-files)"
+	exit 0
+fi
+
 RESTORE_OPTS=(--no-interaction --install-apps)
 if [ "$LEGACY" = legacy ] && [ "$DB" != sqlite ]; then
 	# Without --skip-missing-tables an older backup must be refused, naming the app's tables
@@ -173,6 +286,20 @@ if [ "$LEGACY" = legacy ] && [ "$DB" != sqlite ]; then
 	ok "older backup refused without --skip-missing-tables, missing tables named"
 	RESTORE_OPTS+=(--skip-missing-tables)
 fi
+if [ "$DB" = sqlite ]; then
+	# Another process writing while the restore starts (a cron job that was already running, or
+	# the installer still finishing after it says "installed"): the restore must wait for it, not
+	# stop with "database is locked". Short write transactions on a table of its own, until the
+	# restore is done (/tmp/frt-side-stop; Nextcloud's own commands after it are not under test).
+	docker exec -d -u www-data ngb-frt-restore php -r '
+		$p = new PDO("sqlite:/var/www/html/data/nextcloud.db"); $p->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
+		$p->exec("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS frt_side_writer (t REAL)");
+		for ($end = microtime(true) + 300; microtime(true) < $end && !file_exists("/tmp/frt-side-stop");) {
+			$p->beginTransaction(); $p->exec("INSERT INTO frt_side_writer VALUES (" . microtime(true) . ")"); usleep(300000); $p->commit(); usleep(20000);
+		}
+		touch("/tmp/frt-side-done");'
+	sleep 1
+fi
 sftp_logins() { docker logs ngb-frt-sftp 2>&1 | grep -c "Accepted password" || true; }
 [ "$MODE" = sftp ] && LOGINS_BEFORE=$(sftp_logins)
 OUT=$(run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:restore:full offsite "$SNAP" "${RESTORE_OPTS[@]}" 2>&1) || {
@@ -181,17 +308,34 @@ OUT=$(run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:restore:full offsite "$SNAP" "${RESTORE_OPTS
 	fail "restore:full"
 }
 printf '%s\n' "$OUT" | grep -q "maintenance mode while the restore runs" || fail "the restore did not say it runs in maintenance mode"
-run_on ngb-frt-restore status 2>&1 | grep -q "maintenance: false" || fail "maintenance mode is still on after the restore"
+run_on ngb-frt-restore status 2>&1 | grep "maintenance: false" >/dev/null || fail "maintenance mode is still on after the restore"
 run_on ngb-frt-restore config:app:get ng_backup restore_full_started >/dev/null 2>&1 && fail "the restore left its 'started' marker behind"
 ok "backup:restore:full completed, in maintenance mode and out of it again"
+if [ "$DB" = sqlite ]; then
+	docker exec ngb-frt-restore touch /tmp/frt-side-stop
+	for i in $(seq 1 20); do docker exec ngb-frt-restore test -f /tmp/frt-side-done && break; sleep 0.5; done
+	WRITES=$(docker exec -u www-data ngb-frt-restore php -r 'echo (new PDO("sqlite:/var/www/html/data/nextcloud.db"))->query("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM frt_side_writer")->fetchColumn();')
+	[ "${WRITES:-0}" -gt 3 ] || fail "the other writer did not run alongside the restore ($WRITES writes)"
+	ok "the restore waited for another process writing to SQLite ($WRITES writes alongside)"
+fi

 # Everything below must work in a FRESH occ process (a new PHP process per docker exec), since
 # earlier bugs here only showed up after config.php's secret was rewritten mid-restore.
 run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:status >/dev/null || fail "backup:status fails after restore (own key/target undecryptable?)"
-run_on ngb-frt-restore user:list | grep -q frtest || fail "the backed-up user is missing from the restored database"
+# not grep -q: it stops reading at the first match, and occ, still writing, then fails (pipefail)
+run_on ngb-frt-restore user:list | grep frtest >/dev/null || fail "the backed-up user is missing from the restored database"
 docker exec ngb-frt-restore test -f /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/note.txt || fail "restored file is missing"
 [ "$(docker exec ngb-frt-restore cat /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/note.txt)" = "hello disaster recovery" ] || fail "restored file content differs"
-run_on ngb-frt-restore files:scan frtest >/dev/null || fail "files:scan fails after restore"
+if [ "$LEGACY" = legacy ]; then
+	# Backups made before 1.0.3 do not record empty folders
+	docker exec ngb-frt-restore test -e /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Empty/Nested && fail "an empty folder came back from a backup that does not record them"
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore files:scan frtest >/dev/null || fail "files:scan fails after restore"
+else
+	docker exec ngb-frt-restore test -d /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Empty/Nested || fail "the empty folder did not come back"
+	run_on ngb-frt-restore files:scan frtest >/dev/null || fail "files:scan fails after restore"
+	docker exec ngb-frt-restore test -d /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Empty/Nested || fail "files:scan removed the empty folder"
+	ok "the empty folder came back and stays after files:scan"
+fi
 # New rows after the restore: a new file (file cache) and a new user must not collide with
 # restored rows (ID counters after the data).
 docker exec ngb-frt-restore sh -c "echo new > /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/after-restore.txt && chown www-data /var/www/html/data/frtest/files/Docs/after-restore.txt"
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ ok "location added"

 # Test data: a user with files.
 $X sh -c "OC_PASS='Roundtrip-pw-2026' php occ user:add --password-from-env $U >/dev/null"
-$X sh -c "mkdir -p $DATA/$U/files/Docs/Sub && for i in 1 2 3 4 5; do head -c 300000 /dev/urandom > $DATA/$U/files/Docs/f\$i.bin; done; echo hello > $DATA/$U/files/Docs/Sub/note.txt; head -c 6000000 /dev/urandom > $DATA/$U/files/big.bin"
+# large.bin (40 MB) fills more than one pack: a restore to a directory reads ahead over several ranges
+$X sh -c "mkdir -p $DATA/$U/files/Docs/Sub $DATA/$U/files/Docs/Empty/Nested $DATA/$U/files/Hollow && touch -d @1700000000 $DATA/$U/files/Hollow && for i in 1 2 3 4 5; do head -c 300000 /dev/urandom > $DATA/$U/files/Docs/f\$i.bin; done; echo hello > $DATA/$U/files/Docs/Sub/note.txt; head -c 6000000 /dev/urandom > $DATA/$U/files/big.bin; head -c 40000000 /dev/urandom > $DATA/$U/files/large.bin"
 occ files:scan "$U" >/dev/null
 SUM_BEFORE=$($X sh -c "cd $DATA/$U/files && find . -type f -print0 | sort -z | xargs -0 md5sum | md5sum")

@@ -38,20 +39,79 @@ SNAP=$(occ backup:list ci | awk -F'|' '!f && / second /{gsub(/ /,"",$3); print $
 [ -n "$SNAP" ] || fail "snapshot not listed"

 # Damage, then restore in each mode.
-$X sh -c "cd $DATA/$U/files && rm Docs/Sub/note.txt && echo broken > Docs/f1.bin && echo extra > Docs/extra.txt"
+$X sh -c "cd $DATA/$U/files && rm Docs/Sub/note.txt && echo broken > Docs/f1.bin && echo extra > Docs/extra.txt && rm -r Docs/Empty && rmdir Hollow"
 occ files:scan "$U" >/dev/null
 occ backup:restore ci "$SNAP" "data/$U/files/Docs" -m new-folder >/dev/null || fail "restore new-folder"
 $X sh -c "ls $DATA/$U/files | grep -q '^Restored '" || fail "no Restored folder"
+$X sh -c "test -d $DATA/$U/files/Restored\ */Docs/Empty/Nested" || fail "the empty folder is not in the Restored folder"
+occ backup:browse ci "$SNAP" "data/$U/files" | grep Hollow >/dev/null || fail "an empty folder is not shown when browsing the snapshot"
+occ backup:restore ci "$SNAP" "data/$U/files/Hollow" -m merge >/dev/null || fail "restore of a folder that was empty"
+$X sh -c "test -d $DATA/$U/files/Hollow" || fail "the empty folder did not come back by itself"
+[ "$($X stat -c %Y "$DATA/$U/files/Hollow")" = 1700000000 ] || fail "the empty folder did not get its time back"
 occ backup:restore ci "$SNAP" "data/$U/files/Docs" -m replace >/dev/null || fail "restore replace"
+$X sh -c "test -d $DATA/$U/files/Docs/Empty/Nested" || fail "replace did not bring back the empty folder, or moved it to the trash"
+ok "empty folders: restored in each mode, by themselves and shown when browsing"
 $X sh -c "rm -rf '$DATA/$U/files/Restored '*" ; occ files:scan "$U" >/dev/null
 SUM_AFTER=$($X sh -c "cd $DATA/$U/files && find . -type f -print0 | sort -z | xargs -0 md5sum | md5sum")
 [ "$SUM_BEFORE" = "$SUM_AFTER" ] || fail "files differ after restore"
 $X sh -c "ls $DATA/$U/files_trashbin/files/ | grep -q '^extra.txt'" || fail "extra file not in trash"
 ok "restore new-folder and replace: files identical, extra file in the trash"

+# One file to a local directory, where a restore that was stopped left its temporary.
+ONE=/tmp/ngb-rt-one/data/$U/files/Docs
+$X sh -c "mkdir -p $ONE && echo partial > $ONE/f2.bin.ngb-restore-0123456789ab"
+occ backup:restore ci "$SNAP" "data/$U/files/Docs/f2.bin" -d /tmp/ngb-rt-one | grep "Restored 1 files" >/dev/null || fail "restore of one file to a directory"
+$X sh -c "cmp -s $ONE/f2.bin $DATA/$U/files/Docs/f2.bin" || fail "the file restored to a directory differs"
+$X sh -c "ls -A $ONE | grep -q ngb-restore" && fail "the temporary of a stopped restore was left"
+ok "restore of one file to a directory; the temporary of a stopped restore removed"
+
+# All of the user's files to a directory: over S3 and SFTP the packs are read ahead
+occ backup:restore ci "$SNAP" "data/$U/files" -d /tmp/ngb-rt-dir >/dev/null || fail "restore of a folder to a directory"
+SUM_DIR=$($X sh -c "cd /tmp/ngb-rt-dir/data/$U/files && find . -type f -print0 | sort -z | xargs -0 md5sum | md5sum")
+[ "$SUM_BEFORE" = "$SUM_DIR" ] || fail "the files restored to a directory differ"
+$X sh -c "ls -A /tmp/ngb-rt-dir | grep -q ngb-restore-spool" && fail "the read-ahead spool was left in the directory"
+$X sh -c "test -d /tmp/ngb-rt-dir/data/$U/files/Docs/Empty/Nested" || fail "the empty folder is not in the directory"
+$X sh -c "rm -rf /tmp/ngb-rt-dir"
+ok "restore of all the user's files to a directory: identical, no spool left"
+# not grep -q: it stops reading at the first match, and occ, still writing, then fails (pipefail)
+occ backup:status | grep "started (" >/dev/null || fail "backup:status does not name the time zone"
+ok "backup:status names the time zone of its times"
+
+# Without a system cron (#13): backup:status warns, and the open admin page moves a backup started
+# with "Back up now" forward through /api/tick. Nothing runs cron in this container, so only the
+# ticks below can finish this backup.
+occ background:ajax >/dev/null
+occ backup:status | grep "do not run on a system cron" >/dev/null || fail "backup:status gives no warning without system cron"
+ADM=ngbadmin-$RANDOM; ADM_PW="Tick-admin-pw-$RANDOM-2026"
+$X sh -c "OC_PASS='$ADM_PW' php occ user:add --password-from-env --group=admin $ADM >/dev/null"
+api() { $X curl -sf -u "$ADM:$ADM_PW" -H 'OCS-APIRequest: true' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' "$@"; }
+API=http://localhost/index.php/apps/ng_backup/api
+STATUS=$(api "$API/status") || fail "status API"
+echo "$STATUS" | php -r '$s = json_decode(stream_get_contents(STDIN), true); exit(!$s["cron"]["ok"] && $s["cron"]["mode"] === "ajax" && $s["cron"]["docs"] !== "" ? 0 : 1);' || fail "status API does not report the missing cron"
+TID=$(echo "$STATUS" | php -r 'echo json_decode(stream_get_contents(STDIN), true)["targets"][0]["id"];')
+RUN=$(api -X POST -d "{\"targetId\": $TID, \"label\": \"page\"}" "$API/backups" | php -r 'echo json_decode(stream_get_contents(STDIN), true)["id"];') || fail "start a backup through the API"
+for i in $(seq 1 60); do
+  api -X POST "$API/tick" >/dev/null || fail "tick"
+  RS=$(api "$API/status" | php -r '$s = json_decode(stream_get_contents(STDIN), true); foreach ($s["runs"] as $r) { if ($r["id"] == '"$RUN"') { echo $r["status"]; } }')
+  [ "$RS" = running ] || break
+done
+[ "$RS" = done ] || fail "the backup started through the API ended as '$RS' after $i ticks"
+occ backup:list ci | grep " page " >/dev/null || fail "the snapshot of the ticked backup is not listed"
+ok "without system cron: warning in backup:status and the API, backup finished by $i ticks of the open page"
+# The Bin reads in parts, as the page does (what is in the parts: CatalogTest)
+api "$API/targets/$TID/trash" | php -r '$p = json_decode(stream_get_contents(STDIN), true); exit(is_int($p["total"] ?? null) && is_array($p["items"] ?? null) && count($p["items"]) <= $p["total"] ? 0 : 1);' || fail "the Bin API does not give a total and items"
+ok "the Bin API reads in parts, with a total"
+occ background:cron >/dev/null
+$X php -f /var/www/html/cron.php >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+occ backup:status | grep "system cron" >/dev/null && fail "backup:status still warns after cron ran"
+sleep 8 # APCu app config cache of the web server
+api "$API/status" | php -r 'exit(json_decode(stream_get_contents(STDIN), true)["cron"]["ok"] ? 0 : 1);' || fail "the status API still reports a missing cron after cron ran"
+ok "with a system cron that ran: no warning in backup:status or the API"
+occ user:delete "$ADM" >/dev/null
+
 # Checksum audit: shallow (index presence) and deep (download, decrypt, verify every blob).
-occ backup:verify ci "$SNAP" | grep -q "^OK$" || fail "shallow verify"
-occ backup:verify ci "$SNAP" --deep | grep -q "^OK$" || fail "deep verify"
+occ backup:verify ci "$SNAP" | grep "^OK$" >/dev/null || fail "shallow verify"
+occ backup:verify ci "$SNAP" --deep | grep "^OK$" >/dev/null || fail "deep verify"
 ok "shallow and deep checksum audit"

 # Database dump/restore round trip (all tables, checksums, sequences on PostgreSQL).
@@ -60,13 +120,39 @@ ok "database dump and restore"

 # Retention, trash and catalog.
 occ backup:retention --last=1 --daily=0 --weekly=0 --monthly=0 >/dev/null
-occ backup:prune ci | grep "forgot 1" >/dev/null || fail "prune"
+occ backup:prune ci | grep "forgot 2" >/dev/null || fail "prune" # first and second; "page" (above) is the last
 occ backup:trash ci | grep " first " >/dev/null || fail "trash"
 TID=$(occ backup:trash ci | awk -F'|' '!f && / first /{gsub(/ /,"",$3); print $3; f=1}')
 occ backup:trash:restore ci "$TID" >/dev/null || fail "trash restore"
 [ "$(occ backup:list ci | grep -c ' ci ')" = "2" ] || fail "snapshot not back from the trash"
 ok "retention, trash and restore from trash"

+# Damaged data on the location (last: the location is not used after this). A byte flipped every
+# MiB of every pack hits big.bin (6 MB) for sure; a small file mostly survives. Without --salvage
+# the restore stops and points at --salvage; with it, the rest is restored and the damage listed.
+if [[ "$TARGET_ARGS" == local* ]]; then
+  # "second" went to the trash above: the backup of the page is still there
+  SNAP=$(occ backup:list ci | awk -F'|' '!f && / page /{gsub(/ /,"",$3); print $3; f=1}')
+  [ -n "$SNAP" ] || fail "the snapshot of the ticked backup is not listed"
+  $X php -r 'foreach (glob("/tmp/ngb-rt-target/repo/packs/*/*") as $p) { $h = fopen($p, "r+b"); for ($o = 4096; $o < filesize($p); $o += 1048576) { fseek($h, $o); $b = fread($h, 1); fseek($h, $o); fwrite($h, ~$b); } fclose($h); }'
+  set +e
+  OUT=$(occ backup:restore ci "$SNAP" "data/$U/files" -d /tmp/ngb-rt-salvage 2>&1); CODE=$?
+  set -e
+  [ "$CODE" = 1 ] || { echo "$OUT"; fail "a restore of damaged data did not stop (exit $CODE)"; }
+  echo "$OUT" | grep -- "--salvage" >/dev/null || { echo "$OUT"; fail "the stopped restore does not point at --salvage"; }
+  set +e
+  OUT=$(occ backup:restore ci "$SNAP" "data/$U/files" -d /tmp/ngb-rt-salvage --salvage 2>&1); CODE=$?
+  set -e
+  [ "$CODE" = 2 ] || { echo "$OUT"; fail "restore --salvage of damaged data exited with $CODE, not 2"; }
+  echo "$OUT" | grep "data/$U/files/big.bin: " >/dev/null || { echo "$OUT"; fail "the damaged big.bin is not listed"; }
+  N=$(echo "$OUT" | sed -n 's/^Restored \([0-9]*\) files.*/\1/p')
+  [ "${N:-0}" -ge 1 ] || { echo "$OUT"; fail "restore --salvage restored nothing"; }
+  $X sh -c "test ! -e /tmp/ngb-rt-salvage/data/$U/files/big.bin" || fail "the damaged big.bin was written anyway"
+  $X sh -c "find /tmp/ngb-rt-salvage -name '*.ngb-restore-*' | grep -q ." && fail "a temporary of a damaged file was left"
+  ok "damaged data: the restore stops and points at --salvage; with --salvage $N files restored and the damaged ones listed (exit 2)"
+  $X sh -c "rm -rf /tmp/ngb-rt-salvage"
+fi
+
 # No errors caused by loading files_external while it is disabled (its tables may not exist).
 if $X sh -c "grep -q 'external_mounts' $DATA/nextcloud.log 2>/dev/null"; then fail "files_external table errors in the log"; fi
 ok "no files_external errors in the log"
@@ -36,8 +36,14 @@ MANIFEST=$(occ backup:user:backup ci "$U" | sed -n 's/.* to \(.*\)\.$/\1/p')
 [ -n "$MANIFEST" ] || fail "backup:user:backup printed no manifest path"
 ok "backed up $U to $MANIFEST"

-# as-backup: restore into <uid>-bak; the original account must stay untouched.
-occ backup:user:restore ci "$MANIFEST" --mode=as-backup >/dev/null || fail "restore as-backup"
+# not grep -q: it stops reading at the first match, and occ, still writing, then fails (pipefail)
+occ backup:user:list ci "$U" | grep -F "$MANIFEST" >/dev/null || fail "backup:user:list does not show $MANIFEST"
+ok "backup:user:list shows the export"
+
+# as-backup: restore into <uid>-bak; the original account must stay untouched. $U has one export,
+# so the bare user id names it (#22).
+OUT=$(occ backup:user:restore ci "$U" --mode=as-backup) || fail "restore as-backup by user id"
+echo "$OUT" | grep -qF "Using $MANIFEST." || fail "restore by user id did not say which export it used"
 occ files:scan "$U-bak" >/dev/null
 SUM_BAK=$($X sh -c "cd $DATA/$U-bak/files && find . -type f -print0 | sort -z | xargs -0 md5sum | md5sum")
 [ "$SUM_BEFORE" = "$SUM_BAK" ] || fail "the <uid>-bak account's files differ from the original"
@@ -55,6 +61,11 @@ SUM_AFTER=$($X sh -c "cd $DATA/$U/files && find . -type f -print0 | sort -z | xa
 [ "$SUM_BEFORE" = "$SUM_AFTER" ] || fail "files differ after a replace restore"
 ok "replace restores the original content under the same uid, byte-identical"

+# The replace above added a safety export: a bare user id is now ambiguous and must list both.
+if OUT=$(occ backup:user:restore ci "$U" --mode=as-backup 2>&1); then fail "restore by an ambiguous user id ran"; fi
+echo "$OUT" | grep -qF "$U has 2 exports here" && echo "$OUT" | grep -qF "$MANIFEST" || fail "an ambiguous user id did not list the exports"
+ok "an ambiguous user id lists the exports instead of picking one"
+
 # Retention: $U now has the manual export above plus the automatic safety-export the replace
 # restore made of it just before deleting it (4 total after these two more), then --user-last=2
 # must forget exactly the 2 oldest.