Merge pull request #8: Release 0.9.4-beta.5

Restore and deep verify: read a pack as one stream; pipelined SFTP reads

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,9 +2,120 @@
 
 All notable changes to NG Backup are documented here. The format follows
 [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.1.0/); versioning follows the stages in
-`PLAN.md` section 9. The `<version>` in `appinfo/info.xml` is plain SemVer-numeric (Nextcloud's
-own `info.xsd` doesn't allow a `-alpha`/`-beta`/`-rc` suffix there); the stability stage is instead
-carried by the git tag, the release, and this file.
+`PLAN.md` section 9. The `<version>` in `appinfo/info.xml` is plain SemVer-numeric on purpose:
+the app store accepts a `-beta` suffix, but Nextcloud servers then only offer the release on the
+beta/daily update channel, which would hide the app from most admins. The stability stage is
+instead carried by the app description, the git tag, the release, and this file.
+
+## [0.9.4-beta.5] - 2026-10-09
+
+Bugfix release: faster restores.
+
+### Fixed
+- Restores and `occ backup:verify --deep` fetched every blob with its own request, so on a
+  remote location they ran far below the speed of the connection. The blobs of a pack are now
+  read from one open stream, in the order they were written. Restoring 86 MB in 202 files from a
+  Hetzner Storage Box over SMB went from 0.78 MB/s to 4.2 MB/s, the speed of reading the packs
+  as plain files over that connection.
+- Reading from an SFTP location waited a full round trip for every 256 KiB, whatever the line
+  speed. Reads now keep up to 8 requests in flight. Restoring 1.97 GB in 500 files from a Hetzner
+  Storage Box (47 ms away) took 694 s before the fix above, 499 s with it and 142 s with both
+  (2.8 → 3.9 → 13.9 MB/s); a full 51 GB restore ran at 13.0 MB/s. When a server error
+  interrupts such a read, it goes on from the same position with Nextcloud's own SFTP stream;
+  after three failing files in a row, or on a Nextcloud whose SFTP library lacks what this needs,
+  only Nextcloud's own stream is used.
+- README: a WebDAV location on a slow upload needs a higher `davstorage.request_timeout`.
+
+## [0.9.3-beta.4] - 2026-10-08
+
+Bugfix release.
+
+### Fixed
+- A backup failed with "cannot execute INSERT in a read-only transaction" on PostgreSQL as soon
+  as the database dump filled a whole pack (32 MiB): the pack's index cache row was written
+  inside the read-only dump transaction. On other databases that row was rolled back silently.
+- Backups to a remote location slowed down as the repository grew: every backup step listed the
+  repository's index with a round trip per file. Over SFTP to a Hetzner Storage Box a 60 GiB
+  repository already lost a large part of each step to it; backing up continuously
+  (`occ backup:run`) went from 45 KiB/s to 5.8 MB/s with the fix.
+
+## [0.9.2-beta.3] - 2026-10-08
+
+Bugfix release.
+
+### Added
+- README: notes on using a Hetzner Storage Box over WebDAV and SMB.
+
+### Fixed
+- Adding a backup location in the web interface failed with "Request failed with status code 403"
+  when the login was more than 30 minutes old: the form did not ask for password confirmation.
+- Settings page: the "Backup and restore" / "Settings" tabs line up with the sections below them.
+- Backups: the runs table scrolls horizontally on narrow screens instead of running off the page.
+- `occ backup:verify --deep`: a blob that could not be read (network or storage error) was reported
+  as "corrupted or tampered". Reads are now retried, and a read that keeps failing is reported
+  separately as unreadable, with the error (run the check again; if the same blobs stay unreadable,
+  their pack may be damaged or truncated). Only a blob that was read but fails decryption or its
+  hash check counts as corrupted. Found on a Hetzner Storage Box over WebDAV, where the blob
+  turned out to be intact.
+
+## [0.9.1-beta.2] - 2026-10-07
+
+Second beta, the first release in the Nextcloud app store (signed).
+
+### Added
+- App store listing: screenshots, website, repository and documentation link in `appinfo/info.xml`.
+
+### Fixed
+- Restore: the "new folder" option showed `"Restored "` without the date pattern.
+- Restore: the restore-point dropdown cut off the time.
+- Settings: the passphrase actions are on one line instead of stacked.
+- `docs/HOWTO.md`: the SFTP example used a non-existent auth mechanism (`sftp::password`
+  instead of `password::password`).
+
+## [0.9.0-beta.1] - 2026-10-07
+
+First beta. Tested thoroughly and usable **alongside** your current backup, but **not yet a
+drop-in replacement** for it. We test what we can ourselves (Nextcloud 32–35, SQLite, MariaDB and
+PostgreSQL, S3, SFTP, FTP, SMB and NFS), but we need field experience from other setups: please
+report what works and what doesn't, especially on large instances and on storage providers not
+listed in the README.
+
+### Added
+- Disaster recovery: `occ backup:key:import` and `occ backup:restore:full` restore the database,
+  data directory and config onto a fresh installation of the same major version.
+- Per-user backup and restore via user_migration: `occ backup:user:backup` and
+  `occ backup:user:restore` (replace the account after a safety export, or restore as
+  `<uid>-bak`), also onto a server where the user does not exist yet. The commands ask before
+  installing user_migration (or take `--install-user-migration`).
+- Checksum audit: `occ backup:verify`, shallow or `--deep`, for snapshots and per-user exports.
+- Retention for per-user exports: `occ backup:retention --user-last=N`.
+- FTP and SMB covered by the integration tests; NFS through the `local` backend on a mounted share.
+- `docs/HOWTO.md`: step by step from setup to a tested restore.
+- Warnings when a backup finishes with unreadable files or folders, or with files that kept
+  changing while being read (log, `occ`, notification, snapshot).
+
+### Changed
+- `backup:restore:full` refuses on an installation with more than one user and asks first;
+  `backup:user:restore --mode=replace` asks before deleting an existing account (`--force` for
+  scripts in both cases).
+- A failed scheduled backup is retried at most three times a day, an hour apart.
+- The recovery kit carries the deletion delay; the kit file is created owner-only.
+- Adding a location through the web API needs password confirmation.
+
+### Fixed
+- Exports of users whose id contains `.part-` could be deleted by cleanup on remote locations.
+- Cleanup no longer frees the data of a per-user export whose manifest is missing.
+- Crash safety of moving snapshots to and from the trash, of catalog writes by concurrent
+  backups and per-user exports, and of short uploads.
+- A file that keeps changing no longer makes a backup restart forever.
+- Long restores and exports keep their lock on the location alive.
+- Floating-point database columns are dumped exactly.
+
+### Known limitations
+See "Known limitations" in the README: memory use on very large instances, never two servers
+writing to one location, removing a passphrase slot does not revoke access, no rollback detection
+before a disaster recovery, and a few smaller points. None of them block the road to 1.0.0; they
+are on the backlog in `PLAN.md`.
 
 ## [0.1.0-alpha.1] - 2026-10-05
 
@@ -43,4 +154,9 @@ and not implemented yet.
 - See the "Storage backend experiences" section of the README for provider-specific quirks found
   so far (e.g. Hetzner Storage Box sub-accounts).
 
+[0.9.4-beta.5]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v0.9.4-beta.5
+[0.9.3-beta.4]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v0.9.3-beta.4
+[0.9.2-beta.3]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v0.9.2-beta.3
+[0.9.1-beta.2]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v0.9.1-beta.2
+[0.9.0-beta.1]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v0.9.0-beta.1
 [0.1.0-alpha.1]: https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/releases/tag/v0.1.0-alpha.1

PLAN.md

@@ -359,6 +359,24 @@ minimale volledige restore (`occ backup:restore:full` op een verse installatie)
     Backlog: (a) de originele weergavenaam herstellen (het label uit de export is niet getest als
     weergavenaam); (b) de interne `migrated-`-naam hernoemen (vereist directe databasewijziging, niet voor de beta).
 
+**Backlog uit de pre-beta review (2026-10-07)** — geen belemmering voor 0.9.0-beta of 1.0.0, staat
+in README "Known limitations":
+1. Geheugen bij grote instanties (>1 TB, miljoenen bestanden): blob-index, prune-set, browse van een
+   snapshot in de web-UI, `trashExtras` bij restore en het manifest van een user-export staan volledig
+   in het geheugen; streaming/paginering nodig.
+2. Twee servers op één locatie: catalogus kan breken (generatie overschreven, of anchor >200 generaties
+   achter). Docs-waarschuwing staat er; mogelijk later een echte put-if-absent per backend.
+3. Sleutelrotatie: een slot verwijderen trekt geen toegang in (master-key blijft gelijk).
+4. Rollback vóór DR niet detecteerbaar: referentie-generatie en -hash in de kit opnemen of tonen.
+5. Kit-velden buiten `wrapped_key` (o.a. `delete_delay_days`) zijn niet geauthenticeerd; nu alleen getoond.
+6. Repository-id in de AD van objecten (formaatwijziging).
+7. Wachtwoorden van locaties via `--option-file` of omgevingsvariabele i.p.v. de commandoregel.
+8. Tijdelijke restore-bestanden niet via de Files-API verwijderen (komen nu in de prullenbak).
+9. DB-restore in foreign-key-volgorde (cascades).
+10. Packs zonder index (index-upload mislukt) opruimen.
+11. `backup:restore:full` in onderhoudsmodus en hervatbaar maken; nu: opnieuw draaien met `--force`.
+12. Config/rename op FTP/SMB-servers die geen rename over een bestaand bestand toestaan.
+
 Doorgeschoven naar **v1.3.0** (fase 3, niet meer fase 2): in-place volledige restore
 (eigen restore-modus i.p.v. onderhoudsmodus) en zelfbediening voor gebruikers (eigen bestanden
 terugzetten vanuit de Files-app).

README.md

@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ installations and hosted Nextcloud. (Choosing SMB as a storage backend is the on
 see "Storage backend experiences" below — that requirement comes from files_external, not from
 ng_backup, and applies to any Nextcloud app that writes to an SMB share.)
 
-**Status: pre-release. Not yet tested on production.** See `PLAN.md` for the design and `docs/HOWTO.md` for a
-step-by-step guide from setup to a tested restore.
+**Status: beta (0.9.4).** Tested thoroughly, usable alongside your current backup, but not yet a
+drop-in replacement for it. See "Known limitations" below, `PLAN.md` for the design and
+`docs/HOWTO.md` for a step-by-step guide from setup to a tested restore.
 
 License: AGPL-3.0-or-later.
 
@@ -62,7 +63,8 @@ All backups of an installation are encrypted with one master key.
   a single slot is possible, but then that one passphrase is a single point of failure.
 - When a holder leaves, give their slot a new passphrase (`occ backup:key:slot:replace`), download
   the new kit and confirm it. Note: an old kit together with the old passphrase still opens the
-  same master key; to revoke it completely, start new locations with a new key.
+  same master key; to revoke it completely, start new locations with a new key. This is noted on
+  the backlog and will be addressed in a future version (key rotation).
 - Downloading the kit, and every change to the slots, requires the administrator's password, is
   written to the audit log and is announced to all administrators.
 
@@ -124,6 +126,21 @@ Contributions welcome via PR — add what you ran into with your own provider.
   verified whether this also applies to a Hetzner Storage Box **main** account (only tested with a
   sub-account so far) — if you've tried a main account, please say so in a PR.
 
+- **Hetzner Storage Box over WebDAV and SMB (sub-accounts, 2026-10-07):** both work end to end
+  (backup, incremental run, restore of a folder, verify), tested from outside the Hetzner network
+  with about 66 MiB of data. In the Hetzner Console, enable WebDAV or SMB support for the
+  sub-account, and "External reachability" when your server is not in the Hetzner network.
+  WebDAV: host `https://uXXXXX-subN.your-storagebox.de`, and the `root`
+  must be a folder that already exists (or empty): WebDAV does not create missing parent folders,
+  so a root that doesn't exist yet fails `backup:target:add` with `Sabre\HTTP\ClientHttpException:
+  Conflict`. SMB: share = the sub-account name, port 445 must be reachable from your server (it was
+  from a home connection here, but some providers block it), and the `smbclient` PECL extension is
+  required (see the SMB entry below). Both have a noticeable fixed cost per run: an incremental run
+  that uploads nothing took about 20 s over WebDAV and 50 s over SMB. Over WebDAV, Nextcloud gives
+  every request at most 30 s by default, also an upload of a whole 32 MiB pack: on an upload
+  slower than about 9 Mbit/s a backup fails with `cURL error 28: Operation timed out`. Raise the
+  limit with `occ config:system:set davstorage.request_timeout --value=600 --type=integer`.
+
 - **FTP, server-dependent absolute-path handling:** files_external's FTP backend always builds
   absolute paths (e.g. `MKD /repo`) for the configured root, never relative ones. `atmoz/sftp`-style
   `vsftpd` test servers (chrooted) can reject that with a generic "create directory operation
@@ -147,6 +164,29 @@ Contributions welcome via PR — add what you ran into with your own provider.
   mid-run behaves like any other local-path failure (the run resumes). See PLAN.md 3.5 for why NFS
   can't be driven from PHP directly.
 
+## Known limitations
+
+On the backlog; none of these block the beta or 1.0.0, but know them before you rely on it:
+
+- **Very large instances** (well over 1 TB, millions of files): the blob index, cleanup, browsing a
+  snapshot in the web interface and per-user export manifests are held in memory. Expect high
+  memory use there; reports from such instances are very welcome.
+- **One location, one server.** Never let two Nextcloud servers write to the same location (for
+  example a disaster recovery test server pointed at the production location): they can break each
+  other's catalog, and the location is then refused as possibly tampered with. Test a disaster
+  recovery against a copy of the location, or only read from it.
+- **Removing a passphrase slot does not revoke access.** The master key stays the same, so someone
+  with an old recovery kit and that slot's passphrase can still decrypt the location if they can
+  read it. Key rotation is not available yet.
+- **Rollback before a disaster recovery is not detected.** A fresh server has no record of the
+  newest catalog generation, so a location rolled back to an older state looks valid there.
+- Location passwords passed with `-o password=...` are visible in the process list and shell
+  history while the command runs.
+- Temporary files of a restore into a user's files end up in that user's trash.
+- Restoring the database does not order tables by foreign keys; apps with cascading foreign keys
+  could lose rows (Nextcloud core does not use them).
+- A pack whose index upload failed stays on the location until removed by hand.
+
 ## Commands
 
 | Command | Purpose |

appinfo/info.xml

@@ -4,17 +4,25 @@
     <id>ng_backup</id>
     <name>NG Backup</name>
     <summary>Encrypted, incremental backups of your Nextcloud with restore from the web interface</summary>
-    <description><![CDATA[Alpha: feature-complete for scheduled, encrypted, incremental backups to
-S3/SFTP/WebDAV/local, with restore of files and folders from the web interface and occ. Meant for
-testing on a copy of production (dev, test, staging) -- not yet for production use, and full
-disaster recovery is not implemented yet. See the recovery kit section of the README before
-relying on this for anything.]]></description>
-    <version>0.1.0</version>
+    <description><![CDATA[Beta: scheduled, encrypted, incremental backups of the database, config and data
+directory to S3, SFTP, WebDAV, FTP, SMB or a local path, with restore of files and folders, of
+single users (via user_migration) and of the whole server onto a fresh installation. Tested
+thoroughly and usable alongside your current backup, but not yet a drop-in replacement for it.
+See the README for known limitations and the recovery kit before relying on it.]]></description>
+    <version>0.9.4</version>
     <licence>agpl</licence>
     <author>Dillard Blom</author>
     <namespace>NgBackup</namespace>
+    <documentation>
+        <admin>https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/blob/main/docs/HOWTO.md</admin>
+    </documentation>
     <category>tools</category>
+    <website>https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/ng_backup</website>
     <bugs>https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/issues</bugs>
+    <repository type="git">https://github.com/dillardblom/ng_backup</repository>
+    <screenshot>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/main/screenshots/1-backups.png</screenshot>
+    <screenshot>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/main/screenshots/2-restore.png</screenshot>
+    <screenshot>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dillardblom/ng_backup/main/screenshots/3-settings.png</screenshot>
     <dependencies>
         <php min-version="8.1"/>
         <lib>sodium</lib>

docs/HOWTO.md

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ occ backup:key:confirm -u <your-admin-uid> --code=<code shown> --confirm="Yes, I
 
 - The passphrase protects the backup. Keep it somewhere other than this server.
 - Optional: extra passphrases for other people with `occ backup:key:slot:add --label="..."`.
-  Any one passphrase is enough to restore.
+  Any one passphrase is enough to restore. Removing a slot later does not revoke access for someone
+  who kept an old kit and that passphrase (see "Known limitations" in the README).
 - The recovery kit (`/var/tmp/ng_backup-kit.json` above) is also required for disaster recovery. The web
   user writes it there; then move it off the server as root, next to the passphrase, and delete the
   copy in `/var/tmp`. Without the kit and a passphrase, the backup cannot be read.
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ Examples:
 
 ```
 occ backup:target:add offsite amazons3 -a amazons3::accesskey -o bucket=<bucket> -o key=<key> -o secret=<secret>
-occ backup:target:add nas sftp -a sftp::password -o host=<host> -o user=<user> -o password=<pw> -o root=home
+occ backup:target:add nas sftp -a password::password -o host=<host> -o user=<user> -o password=<pw> -o root=home
 occ backup:target:add local local -a null::null -o datadir=/mnt/backup
 ```
 
@@ -102,7 +103,9 @@ occ backup:user:restore offsite users/<uid>/<exportId> --mode=as-backup
   use, add `--install-user-migration` to approve that explicitly. The command stops after the
   installation; run it once more.
 - `replace` first makes a safety export of the current account, then recreates the user under the
-  same id. `as-backup` restores into `<uid>-bak` and leaves the original untouched.
+  same id. When the account exists, the command asks first; in scripts, add `--force`. Shares to
+  others and data of apps without a user_migration migrator are not restored, so prefer
+  `as-backup` when in doubt: it restores into `<uid>-bak` and leaves the original untouched.
 - A restore onto a server where the user does not exist works. Calendars and address books get an
   internal name with the prefix `migrated-` (for example `migrated-personal`). That prefix comes from
   user_migration and cannot be turned off. The user can change the display name of these calendars and
@@ -115,7 +118,8 @@ occ backup:user:restore offsite users/<uid>/<exportId> --mode=as-backup
 ## 7. Disaster recovery: restore the whole server
 
 Use a fresh Nextcloud installation of the same major version, with NG Backup installed and
-the same location available:
+the same location available. For a test, use a **copy** of the location: two servers writing to one
+location break each other's catalog.
 
 ```
 occ backup:key:import /path/ng_backup-kit.json --passphrase-file=/path/passphrase
@@ -124,6 +128,9 @@ occ backup:list offsite                              # the snapshots must be lis
 occ backup:restore:full offsite <snapshot>
 ```
 
+The command refuses on an installation that already has more than one user, and asks before it
+starts; `--force` skips both (also needed to rerun it after it stopped halfway).
+
 Afterwards, check that users, files and the database are complete, and run a backup of the restored
 server. The restored installation keeps its own app configuration and secret.
 

lib/Backend/IBackend.php

@@ -37,5 +37,15 @@ interface IBackend {
 	/** @return list<string> object paths below $prefix (recursive) */
 	public function list(string $prefix): array;
 
+	/**
+	 * Object paths directly in $dir, for a folder that only holds objects (index/, snapshots/,
+	 * catalog/, trash/info/). One listing, without checking the type of every entry: on a remote
+	 * storage list() costs a round trip per entry, which for index/ (one file per pack) grows
+	 * with the size of the repository.
+	 *
+	 * @return list<string>
+	 */
+	public function listFiles(string $dir): array;
+
 	public function delete(string $path): void;
 }

lib/Backend/LocalBackend.php

@@ -33,11 +33,16 @@ final class LocalBackend implements IBackend {
 			if ($out === false) {
 				throw new BackendException('Cannot write ' . $path);
 			}
+			$expected = StorageBackend::remaining($stream);
 			if (stream_copy_to_stream($stream, $out) === false || !fflush($out)) {
 				throw new BackendException('Write failed for ' . $path);
 			}
 			fclose($out);
 			$out = false;
+			clearstatcache(true, $tmp);
+			if ($expected !== null && filesize($tmp) !== $expected) {
+				throw new BackendException('Incomplete write for ' . $path);
+			}
 			if (!rename($tmp, $target)) {
 				throw new BackendException('Cannot finalise ' . $path);
 			}
@@ -94,7 +99,7 @@ final class LocalBackend implements IBackend {
 		$result = [];
 		$it = new \RecursiveIteratorIterator(new \RecursiveDirectoryIterator($base, \FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS));
 		foreach ($it as $file) {
-			if ($file->isFile() && !str_contains($file->getFilename(), '.part-')) {
+			if ($file->isFile() && !StorageBackend::isTemporary($file->getFilename())) {
 				$result[] = ltrim(substr($file->getPathname(), strlen($this->root)), '/');
 			}
 		}
@@ -102,6 +107,25 @@ final class LocalBackend implements IBackend {
 		return $result;
 	}
 
+	public function listFiles(string $dir): array {
+		$base = $this->abs($dir);
+		if (!is_dir($base)) {
+			return [];
+		}
+		$result = [];
+		$names = scandir($base);
+		if ($names === false) {
+			throw new BackendException('Cannot list ' . $dir);
+		}
+		foreach ($names as $name) {
+			if ($name !== '.' && $name !== '..' && !StorageBackend::isTemporary($name)) {
+				$result[] = trim($dir, '/') . '/' . $name;
+			}
+		}
+		sort($result);
+		return $result;
+	}
+
 	public function delete(string $path): void {
 		@unlink($this->abs($path));
 	}

lib/Backend/SftpReadStream.php

@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Dillard Blom
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Backend;
+
+/**
+ * Read stream for files_external's SFTP storage that keeps several READ requests in flight.
+ *
+ * files_external's own read stream asks for the next 256 KiB only after the previous one has
+ * arrived, so every request costs a full round trip: about 5 MB/s at 47 ms to a Hetzner Storage
+ * Box, whatever the line speed. With 8 requests in flight the same connection reached 15 MB/s.
+ * phpseclib's get() pipelines too, but only into memory or a local file, and only from offset 0.
+ *
+ * Talks to the storage's phpseclib connection through the same internal methods files_external's
+ * read stream uses (_send_sftp_packet, _get_sftp_packet, _realpath); open() returns null when the
+ * connection does not offer them (phpseclib 3 does not), and StorageBackend then falls back to the
+ * storage's own stream. A restore must rather be slow than fail: when a read fails halfway, the
+ * stream goes on from the same position with the storage's own stream. After MAX_FAILURES streams
+ * in a row failed, open() returns null for the rest of the process; one that works resets the count.
+ * Like that stream, it owns the connection while open: no other request may go over the same
+ * connection until it is closed (PackReaderGuard takes care of that for the repository).
+ */
+final class SftpReadStream {
+	private const PROTOCOL = 'ngbsftpread';
+	/** Requests in flight once a stream reads sequentially; it starts at one and doubles. */
+	public const DEPTH = 8;
+	/** OpenSSH and the Hetzner Storage Box both answer at most 255 KiB per READ. */
+	private const CHUNK = 261120;
+	/** Every SFTP server must handle packets of this size (draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-02, section 3). */
+	private const MIN_CHUNK = 32768;
+
+	private const FXP_OPEN = 3;
+	private const FXP_CLOSE = 4;
+	private const FXP_READ = 5;
+	private const FXP_STATUS = 101;
+	private const FXP_HANDLE = 102;
+	private const FXP_DATA = 103;
+	private const FXF_READ = 1;
+	private const FX_EOF = 1;
+
+	/**
+	 * READ size per connection, lowered when a server answers less than asked and then goes on, so
+	 * later streams over that connection ask for no more than it gives.
+	 *
+	 * @var \WeakMap<object, int>|null
+	 */
+	private static ?\WeakMap $chunks = null;
+	private static int $requestId = 0x4e470000;
+	/** Streams in a row that failed; at MAX_FAILURES only the storage's own stream is used. */
+	private static int $failures = 0;
+	public const MAX_FAILURES = 3;
+	/** Set by stream_open() when the connection failed rather than the file. */
+	private static bool $openBroke = false;
+
+	/** @var resource|null set by PHP for stream wrappers */
+	public $context;
+
+	/**
+	 * The phpseclib connection. PHP creates stream wrappers without constructor arguments; it is
+	 * set in stream_open(), and no other method is called when that fails.
+	 *
+	 * @psalm-suppress PropertyNotSetInConstructor
+	 */
+	private object $sftp;
+	/** The storage and the path on it, to fall back to the storage's own stream. */
+	private ?object $storage = null;
+	private string $file = '';
+	/** @var resource|null the storage's own stream, once this one has failed */
+	private $fallback = null;
+	private string $handle = '';
+	/** Position of the reader: the first byte of $buffer. */
+	private int $pos = 0;
+	/** Offset of the next READ to send. */
+	private int $next = 0;
+	private string $buffer = '';
+	/** @var list<array{int, int, int}> request id, offset, length, in the order sent */
+	private array $inFlight = [];
+	private int $depth = 1;
+	private bool $eof = false;
+	/** This stream gave up on its own requests. */
+	private bool $failed = false;
+	/** The connection is in an unknown state: nothing more is sent over it or read from it. */
+	private bool $broken = false;
+	/** Length of the last short answer, until the next answer tells whether it was the end of the file. */
+	private ?int $shortAnswer = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * @param object $storage files_external's SFTP storage (getConnection(), getRoot())
+	 * @return resource|false|null the stream, false when the file cannot be opened, null when the
+	 *                             connection does not offer what this stream needs
+	 * @throws BackendException when the connection failed after the OPEN request went out: the
+	 *                          storage's own stream must not be tried on it, as it would take a
+	 *                          late answer to that request for its own
+	 */
+	public static function open(object $storage, string $path) {
+		if (self::$failures >= self::MAX_FAILURES) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		try {
+			if (!is_callable([$storage, 'getConnection']) || !is_callable([$storage, 'getRoot'])) {
+				return null;
+			}
+			$sftp = $storage->getConnection();
+			// is_callable and get_object_vars from here only see what is public: phpseclib 3 has
+			// methods of these names neither public nor at all.
+			if (!is_object($sftp) || !is_callable([$sftp, '_send_sftp_packet']) || !is_callable([$sftp, '_get_sftp_packet'])
+				|| !is_callable([$sftp, '_realpath']) || !array_key_exists('packet_type', get_object_vars($sftp))) {
+				return null;
+			}
+			if (!in_array(self::PROTOCOL, stream_get_wrappers(), true)) {
+				stream_wrapper_register(self::PROTOCOL, self::class);
+			}
+			$root = rtrim((string)$storage->getRoot(), '/');
+			$context = stream_context_create([self::PROTOCOL => [
+				'session' => $sftp,
+				'path' => $root . '/' . ltrim($path, '/'),
+				'storage' => $storage,
+				'file' => $path,
+			]]);
+			self::$openBroke = false;
+			$fh = @fopen(self::PROTOCOL . '://file', 'r', false, $context);
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			// nothing was sent yet
+			self::$failures++;
+			return null;
+		}
+		if ($fh === false && self::openBroke()) {
+			throw new BackendException('SFTP connection failed while opening ' . $path);
+		}
+		return $fh;
+	}
+
+	/** Test hook: forget the learned READ sizes and earlier failures. */
+	public static function reset(): void {
+		self::$chunks = null;
+		self::$failures = 0;
+	}
+
+	public function stream_open(string $url, string $mode, int $options, ?string &$openedPath): bool {
+		$options = stream_context_get_options($this->context ?? stream_context_get_default())[self::PROTOCOL] ?? [];
+		if (!isset($options['session'], $options['path']) || !is_object($options['session'])) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		$this->sftp = $options['session'];
+		$storage = $options['storage'] ?? null;
+		$this->storage = is_object($storage) ? $storage : null;
+		$this->file = (string)($options['file'] ?? '');
+		try {
+			$remote = $this->sftp->_realpath((string)$options['path']);
+			if (!is_string($remote)) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			$id = self::nextId();
+			if (!$this->sftp->_send_sftp_packet(self::FXP_OPEN, pack('Na*N2', strlen($remote), $remote, self::FXF_READ, 0), $id)) {
+				return $this->connectionFailed();
+			}
+			$response = $this->sftp->_get_sftp_packet($id);
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			return $this->connectionFailed();
+		}
+		if (!is_string($response)) {
+			return $this->connectionFailed();
+		}
+		if ($this->sftp->packet_type !== self::FXP_HANDLE) {
+			return false; // an answer, but no handle: the file cannot be opened
+		}
+		$this->handle = substr($response, 4);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/** Not a missing file but a connection that does not behave as expected. */
+	private function connectionFailed(): bool {
+		self::$failures++;
+		self::$openBroke = true;
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/** Whether the last stream_open() failed on the connection; a call, as fopen() sets it. */
+	private static function openBroke(): bool {
+		return self::$openBroke;
+	}
+
+	public function stream_read(int $count): string|false {
+		if ($this->fallback !== null) {
+			return fread($this->fallback, $count);
+		}
+		while (strlen($this->buffer) < $count && !$this->eof) {
+			if (!$this->receive()) {
+				return $this->useFallback() ? $this->stream_read($count) : false;
+			}
+		}
+		$data = substr($this->buffer, 0, $count);
+		$this->buffer = substr($this->buffer, strlen($data));
+		$this->pos += strlen($data);
+		return $data;
+	}
+
+	public function stream_eof(): bool {
+		if ($this->fallback !== null) {
+			return feof($this->fallback);
+		}
+		return $this->eof && $this->buffer === '';
+	}
+
+	public function stream_tell(): int {
+		if ($this->fallback !== null) {
+			$pos = ftell($this->fallback);
+			return $pos === false ? $this->pos : $pos;
+		}
+		return $this->pos;
+	}
+
+	public function stream_seek(int $offset, int $whence = SEEK_SET): bool {
+		if ($this->fallback !== null) {
+			return fseek($this->fallback, $offset, $whence) === 0;
+		}
+		if ($whence === SEEK_CUR) {
+			$offset += $this->pos;
+		} elseif ($whence !== SEEK_SET) {
+			return false; // the size is never asked for, to save a round trip
+		}
+		if ($offset < 0) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		if ($this->failed) {
+			$this->pos = $offset;
+			return $this->useFallback();
+		}
+		if ($offset >= $this->pos && $offset - $this->pos <= strlen($this->buffer)) {
+			$this->buffer = substr($this->buffer, $offset - $this->pos);
+		} else {
+			$this->drain();
+			$this->buffer = '';
+			$this->next = $offset;
+			$this->eof = false;
+			$this->depth = 1;
+			$this->shortAnswer = null;
+		}
+		$this->pos = $offset;
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/** @return array<int|string, int> */
+	public function stream_stat(): array {
+		return [];
+	}
+
+	public function stream_close(): void {
+		if (!$this->failed) {
+			self::$failures = 0;
+		}
+		$fallback = $this->fallback;
+		$this->fallback = null;
+		if ($fallback !== null) {
+			fclose($fallback);
+		}
+		$this->closeHandle();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Go on with the storage's own stream from the current position, after a server error on this
+	 * one. The data still buffered is dropped and read again. False after a connection error, or
+	 * when that stream cannot be opened or positioned: then the read fails as it would have
+	 * without this class. Reopening by path is safe for a repository: packs and index files are
+	 * never rewritten, and every object is authenticated when it is decrypted.
+	 */
+	private function useFallback(): bool {
+		$this->closeHandle();
+		$this->buffer = '';
+		// files_external's stream takes whatever answer comes next on the connection: after a
+		// connection error, answers to this stream's requests may still be on their way.
+		if ($this->broken || $this->storage === null || !is_callable([$this->storage, 'fopen'])) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		try {
+			$fh = $this->storage->fopen($this->file, 'r');
+			if (!is_resource($fh)) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			if ($this->pos > 0 && fseek($fh, $this->pos) !== 0) {
+				fclose($fh);
+				return false;
+			}
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		$this->fallback = $fh;
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	private function closeHandle(): void {
+		$this->drain();
+		if ($this->handle !== '' && !$this->broken) {
+			try {
+				$id = self::nextId();
+				if (!$this->sftp->_send_sftp_packet(self::FXP_CLOSE, pack('Na*', strlen($this->handle), $this->handle), $id)
+					|| !is_string($this->sftp->_get_sftp_packet($id))) {
+					$this->broken = true;
+				}
+			} catch (\Throwable) {
+				$this->broken = true;
+			}
+		}
+		$this->handle = '';
+	}
+
+	/** Keep the pipeline full, then take the oldest answer. False on a connection or server error. */
+	private function receive(): bool {
+		if ($this->failed) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		try {
+			return $this->receiveOne();
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			$this->broken = true;
+			return $this->fail();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private function receiveOne(): bool {
+		while (count($this->inFlight) < $this->depth) {
+			$id = self::nextId();
+			$length = self::chunk($this->sftp);
+			$packet = pack('Na*N3', strlen($this->handle), $this->handle, intdiv($this->next, 4294967296), $this->next % 4294967296, $length);
+			if (!$this->sftp->_send_sftp_packet(self::FXP_READ, $packet, $id)) {
+				$this->broken = true;
+				return $this->fail();
+			}
+			$this->inFlight[] = [$id, $this->next, $length];
+			$this->next += $length;
+		}
+		[$id, $offset, $length] = array_shift($this->inFlight);
+		$response = $this->sftp->_get_sftp_packet($id);
+		if (!is_string($response)) {
+			$this->broken = true;
+			return $this->fail();
+		}
+		if ($this->sftp->packet_type === self::FXP_DATA) {
+			$data = substr($response, 4);
+			if ($data === '') {
+				return $this->fail();
+			}
+			$this->buffer .= $data;
+			$this->depth = min(self::DEPTH, $this->depth * 2);
+			if ($this->shortAnswer !== null) {
+				// More data after a short answer: that one was the server's cap, not the end.
+				// Never below what every server must support: a one-off small answer is no cap.
+				self::$chunks ??= new \WeakMap();
+				self::$chunks[$this->sftp] = max(self::MIN_CHUNK, min(self::chunk($this->sftp), $this->shortAnswer));
+				$this->shortAnswer = null;
+			}
+			if (strlen($data) < $length) {
+				// Fewer bytes than asked: the end of the file, or a server that caps a READ. The
+				// requests behind this one assumed a full answer, so drop them and ask again from here.
+				$this->drain();
+				$this->next = $offset + strlen($data);
+				$this->shortAnswer = strlen($data);
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+		$status = $this->sftp->packet_type === self::FXP_STATUS ? unpack('N', $response) : false;
+		if (is_array($status) && ($status[1] ?? null) === self::FX_EOF) {
+			$this->eof = true;
+			$this->shortAnswer = null;
+			$this->drain();
+			return true;
+		}
+		return $this->fail();
+	}
+
+	private function fail(): bool {
+		$this->drain();
+		if (!$this->failed) {
+			self::$failures++;
+		}
+		$this->failed = true;
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/** Read and drop the answers still on their way, so the connection is free again. */
+	private function drain(): void {
+		$inFlight = $this->inFlight;
+		$this->inFlight = [];
+		if ($this->broken) {
+			return;
+		}
+		try {
+			foreach ($inFlight as [$id]) {
+				if (!is_string($this->sftp->_get_sftp_packet($id))) {
+					$this->broken = true;
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			$this->broken = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static function chunk(object $sftp): int {
+		$learned = self::$chunks?->offsetExists($sftp) === true ? self::$chunks->offsetGet($sftp) : null;
+		return is_int($learned) ? $learned : self::CHUNK;
+	}
+
+	private static function nextId(): int {
+		self::$requestId = self::$requestId >= 0x7fffffff ? 0x4e470000 : self::$requestId + 1;
+		return self::$requestId;
+	}
+}

lib/Backend/StorageBackend.php

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ use OCP\Files\Storage\IWriteStreamStorage;
 final class StorageBackend implements IBackend {
 	/** Object stores write whole objects atomically; other storages get a temp name + rename. */
 	private bool $atomicPut;
+	/** SFTP: read through SftpReadStream, which keeps several requests in flight. */
+	private bool $sftpReads;
 
 	public function __construct(
 		private IStorage $storage,
@@ -25,12 +27,19 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend {
 		$this->base = trim($base, '/');
 		self::validate($this->base, true);
 		$this->atomicPut = $storage->instanceOfStorage(\OCA\Files_External\Lib\Storage\AmazonS3::class);
+		$this->sftpReads = $storage->instanceOfStorage(\OCA\Files_External\Lib\Storage\SFTP::class);
 		if ($this->base !== '') {
 			$this->mkdirs($this->base);
 		}
 	}
 
+	/** A temporary upload of put(): "<name>.part-<8 hex>". */
+	public static function isTemporary(string $name): bool {
+		return preg_match('/\.part-[0-9a-f]{8}$/', $name) === 1;
+	}
+
 	public function put(string $path, $stream): void {
+		$expected = self::remaining($stream);
 		$target = $this->abs($path);
 		$this->mkdirs(dirname($target));
 		$writeTo = $this->atomicPut ? $target : $target . '.part-' . bin2hex(random_bytes(4));
@@ -54,6 +63,10 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend {
 			if (is_resource($stream)) {
 				fclose($stream);
 			}
+			// Some adapters report success after a short write or a failed flush: check the size.
+			if ($expected !== null && $this->storage->filesize($writeTo) !== $expected) {
+				throw new BackendException('Incomplete write for ' . $path);
+			}
 			if ($writeTo !== $target && !$this->storage->rename($writeTo, $target)) {
 				throw new BackendException('Cannot finalise ' . $path);
 			}
@@ -69,6 +82,14 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend {
 	}
 
 	public function get(string $path) {
+		if ($this->sftpReads) {
+			$fh = SftpReadStream::open($this->storage, $this->abs($path));
+			if (is_resource($fh)) {
+				return $fh;
+			}
+			// null: not supported or failing for now; false: not opened, which need not mean
+			// missing. Either way the storage's own stream decides.
+		}
 		$fh = $this->storage->fopen($this->abs($path), 'r');
 		if ($fh === false) {
 			throw new BackendException('Not found: ' . $path);
@@ -123,6 +144,28 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend {
 		}
 	}
 
+	public function listFiles(string $dir): array {
+		$abs = $this->abs($dir);
+		if (!$this->storage->is_dir($abs)) {
+			return []; // not created yet
+		}
+		$dh = $this->storage->opendir($abs);
+		if ($dh === false) {
+			// An existing folder read as empty would look like a new repository.
+			throw new BackendException('Cannot list ' . $dir);
+		}
+		$cut = $this->base === '' ? 0 : strlen($this->base) + 1;
+		$result = [];
+		while (($name = readdir($dh)) !== false) {
+			if ($name !== '.' && $name !== '..' && !self::isTemporary($name)) {
+				$result[] = substr($abs . '/' . $name, $cut);
+			}
+		}
+		closedir($dh);
+		sort($result);
+		return $result;
+	}
+
 	private function listInto(string $dir, array &$result): void {
 		if (!$this->storage->is_dir($dir)) {
 			return;
@@ -132,19 +175,39 @@ final class StorageBackend implements IBackend {
 			return;
 		}
 		while (($name = readdir($dh)) !== false) {
-			if ($name === '.' || $name === '..' || str_contains($name, '.part-')) {
+			if ($name === '.' || $name === '..') {
 				continue;
 			}
 			$child = $dir . '/' . $name;
 			if ($this->storage->is_dir($child)) {
 				$this->listInto($child, $result);
-			} else {
+			} elseif (!self::isTemporary($name)) {
 				$result[] = $child;
 			}
 		}
 		closedir($dh);
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Bytes left to read in a local $stream (php://temp, php://memory or a plain file), or null:
+	 * stream wrappers of remote storages do not report a reliable size.
+	 */
+	public static function remaining(mixed $stream): ?int {
+		if (!is_resource($stream)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		$meta = stream_get_meta_data($stream);
+		if (!($meta['seekable'] ?? false) || !in_array($meta['wrapper_type'] ?? '', ['PHP', 'plainfile'], true)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		$stat = fstat($stream);
+		$pos = ftell($stream);
+		if ($stat === false || $pos === false) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return max(0, $stat['size'] - $pos);
+	}
+
 	private function mkdirs(string $dir): void {
 		if ($dir === '' || $dir === '.' || $this->storage->is_dir($dir)) {
 			return;

lib/BackgroundJob/BackupJob.php

@@ -38,13 +38,19 @@ final class BackupJob extends TimedJob {
 		$this->setTimeSensitivity(IJob::TIME_SENSITIVE);
 	}
 
+	private const MAX_DAILY_ATTEMPTS = 3;
+
 	protected function run($argument): void {
 		$budget = PHP_SAPI === 'cli' ? 240.0 : 20.0;
 		$deadline = microtime(true) + $budget;
 		$this->startScheduled();
 		foreach ($this->runs->findRunning(null, BackupService::KIND_FULL) as $run) {
 			while (microtime(true) < $deadline && $run->getStatus() === 'running') {
-				$run = $this->backups->step($run, min($deadline, microtime(true) + $budget));
+				$next = $this->backups->step($run, min($deadline, microtime(true) + $budget));
+				if ($next === $run) {
+					break; // step() hands back the same object when another process holds the run's lease
+				}
+				$run = $next;
 			}
 		}
 		$this->failStaleRestores();
@@ -67,10 +73,15 @@ final class BackupJob extends TimedJob {
 		}
 	}
 
-	/** Once a week (after Sunday's backup), apply the retention policy to non-append-only locations. */
+	/**
+	 * Once a week, apply the retention policy to non-append-only locations: from Sunday on, at the
+	 * first moment no backup is running, so a long Sunday backup only delays it instead of skipping
+	 * the week.
+	 */
 	private function weeklyPrune(): void {
 		$lastWeek = $this->appConfig->getValueString(Application::APP_ID, 'last_prune_week', '');
-		if (date('N') !== '7' || $lastWeek === date('o-W') || $this->runs->findRunning(null, BackupService::KIND_FULL) !== []) {
+		$due = date('N') === '7' ? date('o-W') : date('o-W', (int)strtotime('last sunday'));
+		if (strcmp($lastWeek, $due) >= 0 || $this->runs->findRunning(null, BackupService::KIND_FULL) !== []) {
 			return;
 		}
 		foreach ($this->targets->list() as $t) {
@@ -83,7 +94,7 @@ final class BackupJob extends TimedJob {
 				$this->logger->warning('NG Backup: cleanup of ' . $t->getName() . ' failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
 			}
 		}
-		$this->appConfig->setValueString(Application::APP_ID, 'last_prune_week', date('o-W'));
+		$this->appConfig->setValueString(Application::APP_ID, 'last_prune_week', $due);
 	}
 
 	/** Daily schedule: appconfig ng_backup/schedule_time "HH:MM" (server time); empty = no schedule. */
@@ -92,7 +103,7 @@ final class BackupJob extends TimedJob {
 		if (!preg_match('/^([01]\d|2[0-3]):[0-5]\d$/', $at)) {
 			return;
 		}
-		$todayAt = strtotime(date('Y-m-d') . ' ' . $at);
+		$todayAt = (int)strtotime(date('Y-m-d') . ' ' . $at);
 		if (time() < $todayAt) {
 			return;
 		}
@@ -101,6 +112,12 @@ final class BackupJob extends TimedJob {
 			if ($this->runs->findRunning($t->getId(), BackupService::KIND_FULL) !== [] || ($last !== null && $last->getStartedAt() >= $todayAt)) {
 				continue;
 			}
+			// After a failure: retry at most MAX_DAILY_ATTEMPTS times a day, an hour apart, instead
+			// of starting (and notifying about) a new full run every five minutes all day.
+			$today = $this->runs->startedSince($t->getId(), BackupService::KIND_FULL, $todayAt);
+			if (count($today) >= self::MAX_DAILY_ATTEMPTS || ($today !== [] && time() - (int)$today[0]->getFinishedAt() < 3600)) {
+				continue;
+			}
 			try {
 				$this->backups->start($t, 'scheduled');
 			} catch (\Throwable $e) {

lib/Command/KeyImport.php

@@ -76,6 +76,9 @@ HELP);
 			return 1;
 		}
 		$output->writeln('Backup key imported, fingerprint <info>' . $this->keys->fingerprint() . '</info>.');
+		// Read from the kit file, which is not authenticated beyond the wrapped key: show it so a
+		// wrong or altered value stands out.
+		$output->writeln('Deletion delay for forgotten snapshots: <info>' . $this->keys->deleteDelayDays() . '</info> days (from the kit).');
 		$output->writeln('Next: connect the backup location with the same details as before (<info>occ backup:target:add</info>), then <info>occ backup:list</info> and <info>occ backup:restore:full</info>.');
 		return 0;
 	}

lib/Command/KeyKit.php

@@ -39,11 +39,24 @@ final class KeyKit extends Command {
 			$output->write($json, false, OutputInterface::OUTPUT_RAW);
 			return 0;
 		}
-		if (file_put_contents($file, $json) === false) {
+		// Created owner-only from the start (no window where it is world-readable), never over an
+		// existing file or symlink someone else may have placed at a predictable path.
+		$old = umask(0077);
+		try {
+			$fh = @fopen($file, 'xb');
+		} finally {
+			umask($old);
+		}
+		if ($fh === false) {
+			$output->writeln("<error>Cannot create $file (it must not exist yet)</error>");
+			return 1;
+		}
+		$ok = fwrite($fh, $json) === strlen($json);
+		if (!fclose($fh) || !$ok) {
+			@unlink($file);
 			$output->writeln("<error>Cannot write $file</error>");
 			return 1;
 		}
-		@chmod($file, 0600);
 		$output->writeln("Recovery kit written to <info>$file</info>. Copy it off this server, then run <info>occ backup:key:confirm</info>.");
 		return 0;
 	}

lib/Command/RestoreFull.php

@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ namespace OCA\NgBackup\Command;
 
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\RestoreFullService;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\TargetService;
+use OCP\IUserManager;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Command\Command;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Helper\QuestionHelper;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputOption;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Question\ConfirmationQuestion;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputArgument;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputInterface;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;
@@ -18,6 +22,7 @@ final class RestoreFull extends Command {
 	public function __construct(
 		private TargetService $targets,
 		private RestoreFullService $restoreFull,
+		private IUserManager $userManager,
 	) {
 		parent::__construct();
 	}
@@ -27,6 +32,7 @@ final class RestoreFull extends Command {
 			->setDescription('Disaster recovery: restore the database, data directory and config on a fresh installation')
 			->addArgument('target', InputArgument::REQUIRED, 'Location name or id')
 			->addArgument('snapshot', InputArgument::REQUIRED, 'Snapshot id (see backup:list)')
+			->addOption('force', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'Also on an installation that already has more than one user, and without asking')
 			->setHelp(<<<'HELP'
 For a FRESH Nextcloud installation only, same major version as the backup, right after
 occ maintenance:install, occ backup:key:import and occ backup:target:add -- before anyone else
@@ -50,12 +56,29 @@ HELP);
 	}
 
 	protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output): int {
+		$force = (bool)$input->getOption('force');
+		// A whole-server restore replaces the database and data directory of THIS instance. On
+		// anything but a fresh install (only the admin from occ maintenance:install) that is
+		// almost certainly a mistake, so it needs --force.
+		$users = $this->userManager->countUsersTotal(2);
+		if (!$force && ($users === false || $users > 1)) {
+			$output->writeln('<error>This installation already has more than one user: backup:restore:full would replace its whole database and data directory. It is meant for a fresh installation. Use --force if this really is what you want.</error>');
+			return 1;
+		}
+		if (!$force && $input->isInteractive()) {
+			$q = new ConfirmationQuestion('This replaces the database, the data directory and config.php of this installation. Continue? [y/N] ', false);
+			if (!(new QuestionHelper())->ask($input, $output, $q)) {
+				$output->writeln('Cancelled.');
+				return 1;
+			}
+		}
 		try {
 			$target = $this->targets->get($input->getArgument('target'));
 			$snapshot = (string)$input->getArgument('snapshot');
 			$result = $this->restoreFull->restoreFull($target, $snapshot);
 		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
 			$output->writeln('<error>' . $e->getMessage() . '</error>');
+			$output->writeln('If this happened after the restore had started, the instance may be partly restored: fix the cause and run the same command again with --force.');
 			return 1;
 		}
 		$output->writeln(sprintf(
@@ -65,6 +88,9 @@ HELP);
 			$result['configKeys'],
 			$result['dataFiles'],
 		));
+		if (!$result['dbConsistent']) {
+			$output->writeln('<comment>Warning: this snapshot\'s database dump was made over several steps (web cron), so it is not one consistent point in time. Check the instance carefully; prefer a snapshot made with system cron.</comment>');
+		}
 		$output->writeln('Next: check trusted_domains and overwritehost/overwriteprotocol match this server, then occ maintenance:repair.');
 		return 0;
 	}

lib/Command/RestoreUser.php

@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ namespace OCA\NgBackup\Command;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\TargetService;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Service\UserRestoreService;
 use OCA\NgBackup\UserMigration\UserMigrationInstaller;
+use OCP\IUserManager;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Command\Command;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Helper\QuestionHelper;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Question\ConfirmationQuestion;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputArgument;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputInterface;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputOption;
@@ -21,6 +24,7 @@ final class RestoreUser extends Command {
 		private TargetService $targets,
 		private UserRestoreService $userRestore,
 		private UserMigrationInstaller $installer,
+		private IUserManager $userManager,
 	) {
 		parent::__construct();
 	}
@@ -31,6 +35,7 @@ final class RestoreUser extends Command {
 			->addArgument('target', InputArgument::REQUIRED, 'Location name or id')
 			->addArgument('manifest', InputArgument::REQUIRED, 'Manifest path printed by backup:user:backup (users/<uid>/<exportId>)')
 			->addOption('mode', 'm', InputOption::VALUE_REQUIRED, 'replace or as-backup', UserRestoreService::MODE_REPLACE)
+			->addOption('force', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'Replace an existing account without asking (required when not interactive)')
 			->addOption('install-user-migration', null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE, 'Install and enable user_migration if it is missing (non-interactive consent)')
 			->setHelp(<<<'HELP'
 Never imports over a live account. Modes:
@@ -47,11 +52,26 @@ HELP);
 	}
 
 	protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output): int {
+		$mode = (string)$input->getOption('mode');
+		$uid = explode('/', (string)$input->getArgument('manifest'))[1] ?? '';
+		if ($mode === UserRestoreService::MODE_REPLACE && $uid !== '' && $this->userManager->userExists($uid) && !$input->getOption('force')) {
+			// Replace deletes the live account (after a safety export). Shares to others and data of
+			// apps without a user_migration migrator do not come back, so never do it unasked.
+			if (!$input->isInteractive()) {
+				$output->writeln("<error>$uid exists: --mode=replace deletes and recreates it. Add --force, or use --mode=as-backup.</error>");
+				return 1;
+			}
+			$q = new ConfirmationQuestion("$uid exists and will be deleted and recreated from the backup (a safety export is made first; its shares to others and data of apps without a migrator are not restored). Continue? [y/N] ", false);
+			if (!(new QuestionHelper())->ask($input, $output, $q)) {
+				$output->writeln('Cancelled.');
+				return 1;
+			}
+		}
 		try {
 			$output->writeln('<comment>Note: on restore, user_migration only imports the app settings on its own allowlist (e.g. calendar view and reminder settings); other app settings of this user are skipped. Reason: NG Backup uses user_migration\'s importer; widening the list would mean building a settings importer of our own.</comment>');
 			$target = $this->targets->get($input->getArgument('target'));
 			$this->installer->ensureEnabled($input, $output);
-			$user = $this->userRestore->restoreUser($target, (string)$input->getArgument('manifest'), (string)$input->getOption('mode'));
+			$user = $this->userRestore->restoreUser($target, (string)$input->getArgument('manifest'), $mode);
 		} catch (\Throwable $e) {
 			$output->writeln('<error>' . $e->getMessage() . '</error>');
 			return 1;

lib/Command/RunBackup.php

@@ -75,6 +75,13 @@ HELP);
 			});
 			if ($run->getStatus() === Run::DONE) {
 				$output->writeln(sprintf('  done in %.0fs', microtime(true) - $start));
+				$f = json_decode($run->getStats() ?? '{}', true)['files'] ?? [];
+				if (($f['unreadable'] ?? 0) > 0) {
+					$output->writeln(sprintf('<comment>  warning: %d unreadable files or folders are missing from this backup (see the server log)</comment>', $f['unreadable']));
+				}
+				if (($f['changing'] ?? 0) > 0) {
+					$output->writeln(sprintf('<comment>  warning: %d files kept changing and were saved as read (see the server log)</comment>', $f['changing']));
+				}
 			} else {
 				$output->writeln('<error>  ' . $run->getStatus() . ': ' . $run->getError() . '</error>');
 				$failed++;

lib/Command/Verify.php

@@ -66,7 +66,13 @@ HELP);
 		if ($result['failed'] !== []) {
 			$output->writeln('<error>' . count($result['failed']) . ' blob(s) failed verification (corrupted or tampered):</error> ' . implode(', ', $result['failed']));
 		}
-		if ($result['missing'] === [] && $result['failed'] === []) {
+		if ($result['unreadable'] !== []) {
+			$output->writeln('<error>' . count($result['unreadable']) . ' blob(s) could not be read from the location</error> (often a temporary storage '
+				. 'or network error: run the check again; if the same blobs stay unreadable, their pack may be damaged or truncated): '
+				. implode(', ', $result['unreadable']));
+			$output->writeln('Last read error: ' . $result['readError']);
+		}
+		if ($result['missing'] === [] && $result['failed'] === [] && $result['unreadable'] === []) {
 			$output->writeln('<info>OK</info>');
 			return 0;
 		}

lib/Controller/AdminApiController.php

@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ final class AdminApiController extends Controller {
 		return new JSONResponse($this->targets->availableBackends());
 	}
 
+	#[PasswordConfirmationRequired]
 	public function addTarget(string $name, string $backend, string $auth, array $options = [], string $path = 'ng_backup', ?float $maxGb = null): JSONResponse {
 		try {
 			$r = $this->targets->add($name, $backend, $auth, $options, $path);

lib/Crypto/KeyRing.php

@@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ final class KeyRing {
 	/** @param array{v:int, salt:string, ops:int, mem:int, nonce:string, key:string} $wrapped */
 	public static function unwrap(array $wrapped, #[\SensitiveParameter] string $passphrase): self {
 		$b64 = static fn (string $s): string => sodium_base642bin($s, SODIUM_BASE64_VARIANT_ORIGINAL);
+		// ops/mem come from unauthenticated JSON (kit file, repository config): bound them, so a
+		// damaged or crafted file cannot make the KDF use unbounded memory or time.
+		if ($wrapped['ops'] < SODIUM_CRYPTO_PWHASH_OPSLIMIT_INTERACTIVE || $wrapped['ops'] > SODIUM_CRYPTO_PWHASH_OPSLIMIT_SENSITIVE
+			|| $wrapped['mem'] < SODIUM_CRYPTO_PWHASH_MEMLIMIT_INTERACTIVE || $wrapped['mem'] > SODIUM_CRYPTO_PWHASH_MEMLIMIT_SENSITIVE) {
+			throw new CryptoException('Unsupported key derivation parameters (damaged or foreign key file)');
+		}
 		$kek = sodium_crypto_pwhash(SODIUM_CRYPTO_SECRETBOX_KEYBYTES, $passphrase, $b64($wrapped['salt']),
 			$wrapped['ops'], $wrapped['mem'], SODIUM_CRYPTO_PWHASH_ALG_ARGON2ID13);
 		$master = sodium_crypto_secretbox_open($b64($wrapped['key']), $b64($wrapped['nonce']), $kek);

lib/Crypto/StreamCipher.php

@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ final class StreamCipher {
 	/** fread() may return short reads on network streams; keep reading until $length or EOF. */
 	private static function readFull($in, int $length): string {
 		$buffer = '';
+		$empty = 0;
 		while (strlen($buffer) < $length && !feof($in)) {
 			$chunk = fread($in, $length - strlen($buffer));
 			if ($chunk === false) {
@@ -132,8 +133,15 @@ final class StreamCipher {
 				if (feof($in)) {
 					break;
 				}
+				// A stalled network stream returns '' without EOF forever: back off, then give up
+				// (about a minute) instead of spinning at full CPU until the lease expires.
+				if (++$empty > 600) {
+					throw new CryptoException('Read stalled');
+				}
+				usleep(100000);
 				continue;
 			}
+			$empty = 0;
 			$buffer .= $chunk;
 		}
 		return $buffer;

lib/Db/DbDumper.php

@@ -72,50 +72,57 @@ final class DbDumper {
 	public function dumpStep(Repository $repo, array $state, float $deadline, array &$stats): array {
 		$state['steps']++;
 		$sm = $this->db->createSchemaManager();
-		$this->db->setTransactionIsolation(TransactionIsolationLevel::REPEATABLE_READ);
-		$this->db->beginTransaction();
+		// A pack that fills up during the dump is uploaded right away; its index cache row must
+		// wait until the read-only transaction is over.
+		$repo->holdIndexCache();
 		try {
-			if ($this->db->getDatabasePlatform() instanceof \Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\PostgreSQLPlatform) {
-				$this->db->executeStatement('SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY');
-			}
-			while ($state['i'] < count($state['tables'])) {
-				$table = $state['tables'][$state['i']];
-				$schema = $sm->introspectTable($table);
-				$writer = $repo->blobWriter($stats);
-				$hash = $state['hash'] !== null ? unserialize(base64_decode($state['hash']), ['allowed_classes' => [\HashContext::class]]) : hash_init('sha256');
-				if ($state['after'] === null && $state['segments'] === []) {
-					$writer->write($this->header($schema) . "\n");
+			$this->db->setTransactionIsolation(TransactionIsolationLevel::REPEATABLE_READ);
+			$this->db->beginTransaction();
+			try {
+				if ($this->db->getDatabasePlatform() instanceof \Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\PostgreSQLPlatform) {
+					$this->db->executeStatement('SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY');
 				}
-				$complete = true;
-				foreach ($this->rowLines($schema, $state['after']) as [$key, $line]) {
-					$writer->write($line . "\n");
-					hash_update($hash, $line . "\n");
-					$state['rows']++;
-					$state['after'] = $key;
-					if (microtime(true) >= $deadline) {
-						$complete = false;
+				while ($state['i'] < count($state['tables'])) {
+					$table = $state['tables'][$state['i']];
+					$schema = $sm->introspectTable($table);
+					$writer = $repo->blobWriter($stats);
+					$hash = $state['hash'] !== null ? unserialize(base64_decode($state['hash']), ['allowed_classes' => [\HashContext::class]]) : hash_init('sha256');
+					if ($state['after'] === null && $state['segments'] === []) {
+						$writer->write($this->header($schema) . "\n");
+					}
+					$complete = true;
+					foreach ($this->rowLines($schema, $state['after']) as [$key, $line]) {
+						$writer->write($line . "\n");
+						hash_update($hash, $line . "\n");
+						$state['rows']++;
+						$state['after'] = $key;
+						if (microtime(true) >= $deadline) {
+							$complete = false;
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+					$state['segments'][] = $writer->finish();
+					$state['bytes'] += $writer->bytes();
+					if (!$complete) {
+						$state['hash'] = base64_encode(serialize($hash));
+						break;
+					}
+					$state['result'][$table] = ['blobs' => array_merge(...$state['segments']), 'rows' => $state['rows'],
+						'bytes' => $state['bytes'], 'sha256' => hash_final($hash)];
+					$state = array_merge($state, ['i' => $state['i'] + 1, 'after' => null, 'segments' => [], 'rows' => 0, 'bytes' => 0, 'hash' => null]);
+					if (microtime(true) >= $deadline && $state['i'] < count($state['tables'])) {
 						break;
 					}
 				}
-				$state['segments'][] = $writer->finish();
-				$state['bytes'] += $writer->bytes();
-				if (!$complete) {
-					$state['hash'] = base64_encode(serialize($hash));
-					break;
+				if ($state['i'] >= count($state['tables'])) {
+					$state['sequences'] = $this->sequenceStates($state['tables']);
+					$state['done'] = true;
 				}
-				$state['result'][$table] = ['blobs' => array_merge(...$state['segments']), 'rows' => $state['rows'],
-					'bytes' => $state['bytes'], 'sha256' => hash_final($hash)];
-				$state = array_merge($state, ['i' => $state['i'] + 1, 'after' => null, 'segments' => [], 'rows' => 0, 'bytes' => 0, 'hash' => null]);
-				if (microtime(true) >= $deadline && $state['i'] < count($state['tables'])) {
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-			if ($state['i'] >= count($state['tables'])) {
-				$state['sequences'] = $this->sequenceStates($state['tables']);
-				$state['done'] = true;
+			} finally {
+				$this->db->rollBack();
 			}
 		} finally {
-			$this->db->rollBack();
+			$repo->releaseIndexCache();
 		}
 		$repo->flushPacks();
 		return $state;
@@ -256,7 +263,11 @@ final class DbDumper {
 					} elseif (is_string($row[$i]) && !mb_check_encoding($row[$i], 'UTF-8')) {
 						// Keep invalid UTF-8 byte-exact instead of substituting characters.
 						$row[$i] = ['$b' => base64_encode($row[$i])];
-					} elseif (is_int($row[$i]) || is_float($row[$i]) || is_bool($row[$i])) {
+					} elseif (is_float($row[$i])) {
+						// var_export uses serialize_precision (shortest exact form), not the lossy
+						// 14-digit 'precision' of a (string) cast.
+						$row[$i] = var_export($row[$i], true);
+					} elseif (is_int($row[$i]) || is_bool($row[$i])) {
 						// Normalise: drivers differ in returning numbers as int or string.
 						$row[$i] = (string)(is_bool($row[$i]) ? (int)$row[$i] : $row[$i]);
 					}

lib/Db/RunMapper.php

@@ -43,6 +43,17 @@ final class RunMapper extends QBMapper {
 		return $this->findEntities($qb);
 	}
 
+	/** @return list<Run> runs of $kind started at or after $since, newest first */
+	public function startedSince(int $targetId, string $kind, int $since): array {
+		$qb = $this->db->getQueryBuilder();
+		$qb->select('*')->from($this->getTableName())
+			->where($qb->expr()->eq('target_id', $qb->createNamedParameter($targetId, IQueryBuilder::PARAM_INT)))
+			->andWhere($qb->expr()->eq('kind', $qb->createNamedParameter($kind)))
+			->andWhere($qb->expr()->gte('started_at', $qb->createNamedParameter($since, IQueryBuilder::PARAM_INT)))
+			->orderBy('id', 'DESC');
+		return $this->findEntities($qb);
+	}
+
 	public function lastFinished(int $targetId, string $kind): ?Run {
 		$qb = $this->db->getQueryBuilder();
 		$qb->select('*')->from($this->getTableName())

lib/Job/BackupRun.php

@@ -49,9 +49,11 @@ final class BackupRun {
 	public static function step(Repository $repo, array $state, float $deadline): array {
 		$state['steps']++;
 		if ($state['phase'] === 'files') {
-			$walker = new TreeWalker($state['roots'], $state['exclude']);
-			$parent = new ParentCursor($repo, $state['parent'], $state['parentPos']);
 			$stats = $state['stats'];
+			$walker = new TreeWalker($state['roots'], $state['exclude'], function (string $logical) use (&$state, &$stats): void {
+				self::recordUnreadable($state, $stats, $logical);
+			});
+			$parent = new ParentCursor($repo, $state['parent'], $state['parentPos']);
 			$lines = [];
 			$finishedWalk = true;
 
@@ -68,15 +70,20 @@ final class BackupRun {
 					$stats['reused']++;
 				} else {
 					$cur = $state['cur'];
-					if ($cur === null || $cur['path'] !== $logical || $cur['version'] !== $version) {
-						if ($cur !== null && $cur['path'] === $logical) {
-							$stats['retried'] = ($stats['retried'] ?? 0) + 1; // changed since the previous step
+					if ($cur !== null && $cur['path'] === $logical && $cur['version'] !== $version) {
+						// Changed since the previous step: start over, unless it keeps changing.
+						if (self::countRetry($state, $stats, $logical)) {
+							$cur['version'] = $version;
+						} else {
+							$cur = null;
 						}
+					}
+					if ($cur === null || $cur['path'] !== $logical) {
 						$cur = ['path' => $logical, 'offset' => 0, 'blobs' => [], 'version' => $version];
 					}
-					$fh = fopen($path, 'rb');
+					$fh = @fopen($path, 'rb');
 					if ($fh === false) {
-						$stats['unreadable'] = ($stats['unreadable'] ?? 0) + 1;
+						self::recordUnreadable($state, $stats, $logical);
 						$state['cur'] = null;
 						continue;
 					}
@@ -91,12 +98,17 @@ final class BackupRun {
 						}
 					}
 					fclose($fh);
-					if (Repository::fileVersion($path) !== $cur['version']) {
-						// Changed while reading: read it again from the start (now or next step).
-						$stats['retried'] = ($stats['retried'] ?? 0) + 1;
-						$state['cur'] = null;
-						$finishedWalk = false;
-						break;
+					$now = Repository::fileVersion($path);
+					if ($now !== $cur['version']) {
+						if (!self::countRetry($state, $stats, $logical)) {
+							// Changed while reading: read it again from the start (now or next step).
+							$state['cur'] = null;
+							$finishedWalk = false;
+							break;
+						}
+						// Keeps changing (a live database, VM image or log): keep what was read,
+						// like any copy of a file in use, and report it instead of retrying forever.
+						$cur['version'] = $now;
 					}
 					if (!$complete) {
 						$state['cur'] = $cur;
@@ -104,6 +116,7 @@ final class BackupRun {
 						break;
 					}
 					$blobs = $cur['blobs'];
+					$size = $cur['offset'];
 					$state['cur'] = null;
 					$stats['read']++;
 				}
@@ -135,7 +148,8 @@ final class BackupRun {
 			$segments = $state['segments'];
 			$repo->putSnapshot($state['snapshot'],
 				['time' => $state['started'], 'parent' => $state['parent'], 'label' => $state['label'],
-					'roots' => array_keys($state['roots']), 'stats' => $state['stats']] + $state['meta'],
+					'roots' => array_keys($state['roots']), 'stats' => $state['stats'],
+					'warnings' => self::warnings($state)] + $state['meta'],
 				(function () use ($repo, $segments) {
 					foreach ($segments as $blobs) {
 						yield from $repo->readLines($blobs);
@@ -146,6 +160,52 @@ final class BackupRun {
 		return $state;
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * A file or directory that could not be read: it is missing from this snapshot. Remembered (first
+	 * 1000, deduplicated across steps) so the run can report it instead of silently succeeding.
+	 */
+	private static function recordUnreadable(array &$state, array &$stats, string $logical): void {
+		if (isset($state['unreadable'][$logical])) {
+			return;
+		}
+		if (count($state['unreadable'] ?? []) < 1000) {
+			$state['unreadable'][$logical] = true;
+		}
+		$stats['unreadable'] = ($stats['unreadable'] ?? 0) + 1;
+	}
+
+	/** @return array{unreadable: list<string>, changing: list<string>} examples for the report (first 50 each) */
+	public static function warnings(array $state): array {
+		return [
+			'unreadable' => array_slice(array_map('strval', array_keys($state['unreadable'] ?? [])), 0, 50),
+			'changing' => array_slice(array_map('strval', array_values($state['changing'] ?? [])), 0, 50),
+		];
+	}
+
+	/** Retries of one file that changes while it is read, before its last read is kept anyway. */
+	public const MAX_RETRIES = 3;
+
+	/**
+	 * Count a retry of $logical. Returns true once it has changed MAX_RETRIES times: the caller then
+	 * keeps the data it read, and the file is listed in $state['changing'] (first 50) for the report.
+	 */
+	private static function countRetry(array &$state, array &$stats, string $logical): bool {
+		$stats['retried'] = ($stats['retried'] ?? 0) + 1;
+		$n = (($state['retryPath'] ?? null) === $logical ? (int)($state['retryCount'] ?? 0) : 0) + 1;
+		$state['retryPath'] = $logical;
+		$state['retryCount'] = $n;
+		if ($n < self::MAX_RETRIES) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		if ($n === self::MAX_RETRIES) {
+			$stats['changing'] = ($stats['changing'] ?? 0) + 1;
+			if (count($state['changing'] ?? []) < 50) {
+				$state['changing'][] = $logical;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
 	private static function readFull($fh, int $length): string {
 		$buffer = '';
 		while (strlen($buffer) < $length && !feof($fh)) {

lib/Job/TreeWalker.php

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ final class TreeWalker {
 	public function __construct(
 		private array $roots,
 		private array $exclude = [],
+		/** Called with the logical path of a directory that cannot be listed. */
+		private ?\Closure $onUnreadable = null,
 	) {
 	}
 
@@ -57,6 +59,9 @@ final class TreeWalker {
 		}
 		$names = @scandir($abs);
 		if ($names === false) {
+			if ($this->onUnreadable !== null) {
+				($this->onUnreadable)($logical === '' ? '/' : $logical);
+			}
 			return;
 		}
 		$names = array_values(array_diff($names, ['.', '..']));

lib/Notification/Notifier.php

@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ final class Notifier implements INotifier {
 					: $l->t('Backup to %s failed', [$p['target']]));
 				$notification->setParsedMessage((string)($p['error'] ?? ''));
 				break;
+			case 'run_warnings':
+				$notification->setParsedSubject($l->t('Backup to %1$s finished with warnings: %2$s unreadable, %3$s changed while being read', [$p['target'], $p['unreadable'], $p['changing']]));
+				$notification->setParsedMessage($l->t('Unreadable files and folders are missing from this backup (check their permissions). Files that kept changing were saved as they were while being read. Examples: %s', [$p['examples'] ?? '']));
+				break;
 			case 'quota_warning':
 				$notification->setParsedSubject($l->t('Backup location %1$s is at %2$s%% of its limit (%3$s of %4$s)', [$p['target'], $p['percent'], $p['used'], $p['limit']]));
 				$notification->setParsedMessage($l->t('Backups stop when the limit is reached. Raise the limit, or let the retention policy remove older backups.'));
@@ -62,6 +66,8 @@ final class Notifier implements INotifier {
 					'catalog_trusted' => $l->t('%1$s accepted an older state of backup location %2$s (catalog generation %3$s)', [$who, $p['target'] ?? '', $p['generation'] ?? '']),
 					'slot_added' => $l->t('%1$s added backup passphrase slot %2$s (%3$s); download and confirm the new recovery kit', [$who, $p['slot'] ?? '', $p['label'] ?? '']),
 					'slot_replaced' => $l->t('%1$s set a new passphrase for backup key slot %2$s (%3$s); download and confirm the new recovery kit', [$who, $p['slot'] ?? '', $p['label'] ?? '']),
+					'user_export_retention_changed' => $l->t('%1$s changed how many exports per user are kept to %2$s', [$who, $p['keep'] ?? '']),
+					'user_exports_forgotten' => $l->t('%1$s removed %2$s per-user exports from %3$s', [$who, $p['count'] ?? '', $p['target'] ?? '']),
 					'slot_removed' => $l->t('%1$s removed backup passphrase slot %2$s; download and confirm the new recovery kit', [$who, $p['slot'] ?? '']),
 					default => $l->t('NG Backup security event'),
 				});

lib/Repository/BlobIndex.php

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ final class BlobIndex {
 	private array $pending = [];
 
 	private ?IIndexCache $cache = null;
+	/** @var list<\Closure():void>|null cache writes held back by holdCache(), or null when writing directly */
+	private ?array $heldCacheWrites = null;
 	private string $repositoryId = '';
 	/** @var int index files downloaded by the last load() (for tests and diagnostics) */
 	public int $downloaded = 0;
@@ -40,6 +42,46 @@ final class BlobIndex {
 		$this->repositoryId = $repositoryId;
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Hold back cache writes until releaseCache(). The database dump reads inside a read-only
+	 * transaction on the same connection that the cache writes to: a write there fails on
+	 * PostgreSQL and would be rolled back with the dump transaction elsewhere.
+	 */
+	public function holdCache(): void {
+		$this->heldCacheWrites ??= [];
+	}
+
+	/** Write the cache changes held back since holdCache(). */
+	public function releaseCache(): void {
+		$writes = $this->heldCacheWrites ?? [];
+		$this->heldCacheWrites = null;
+		foreach ($writes as $write) {
+			$write();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** @param list<array{id:string, offset:int, length:int, raw:int, flags:int}> $entries */
+	private function cachePut(string $packId, array $entries): void {
+		if ($this->heldCacheWrites !== null) {
+			$this->heldCacheWrites[] = function () use ($packId, $entries): void {
+				$this->cache?->put($this->repositoryId, $packId, $entries);
+			};
+			return;
+		}
+		$this->cache?->put($this->repositoryId, $packId, $entries);
+	}
+
+	/** @param list<string> $packIds */
+	private function cacheRemove(array $packIds): void {
+		if ($this->heldCacheWrites !== null) {
+			$this->heldCacheWrites[] = function () use ($packIds): void {
+				$this->cache?->remove($this->repositoryId, $packIds);
+			};
+			return;
+		}
+		$this->cache?->remove($this->repositoryId, $packIds);
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Load the index: one listing of index/, entries from the local cache where available,
 	 * and only the index files that are not cached yet are downloaded. Cached packs that no
@@ -50,7 +92,7 @@ final class BlobIndex {
 		$cached = $verify ? [] : ($this->cache?->all($this->repositoryId) ?? []);
 		$present = [];
 		$this->downloaded = 0;
-		foreach ($this->backend->list('index') as $path) {
+		foreach ($this->backend->listFiles('index') as $path) {
 			$packId = basename($path);
 			$present[$packId] = true;
 			if (isset($cached[$packId])) {
@@ -112,7 +154,7 @@ final class BlobIndex {
 		fwrite($stream, $this->cipher->encryptString(json_encode($entries, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR), 'index:' . $packId));
 		rewind($stream);
 		$this->backend->put('index/' . $packId, $stream);
-		$this->cache?->put($this->repositoryId, $packId, $entries);
+		$this->cachePut($packId, $entries);
 		foreach ($entries as $e) {
 			$this->blobs[$e['id']] = [$packId, $e['offset'], $e['length'], $e['raw'], $e['flags']];
 			unset($this->pending[$e['id']]);
@@ -131,7 +173,7 @@ final class BlobIndex {
 	/** Forget a pack: delete its index file and cache row. Blobs that now live elsewhere are kept. */
 	public function removePack(string $packId): void {
 		$this->backend->delete('index/' . $packId);
-		$this->cache?->remove($this->repositoryId, [$packId]);
+		$this->cacheRemove([$packId]);
 		foreach ($this->blobs as $id => $loc) {
 			if ($loc[0] === $packId) {
 				unset($this->blobs[$id]);

lib/Repository/Catalog.php

@@ -88,6 +88,11 @@ final class Catalog {
 	/** Write the next generation after the in-memory state was changed. */
 	public function write(): void {
 		$next = $this->gen + 1;
+		// Two writers starting from the same generation would otherwise overwrite each other
+		// silently and break the chain for whichever server anchored the lost write.
+		if ($this->backend->exists($this->path($next))) {
+			throw new RepositoryException("Catalog generation $next was written by another process at the same time; try again");
+		}
 		$plain = json_encode(['repository' => $this->repositoryId, 'gen' => $next, 'time' => gmdate('c'), 'prev' => $this->hash,
 			'snapshots' => array_keys($this->snapshots), 'trash' => array_keys($this->trash),
 			'userExports' => array_keys($this->userExports)], JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
@@ -123,7 +128,7 @@ final class Catalog {
 
 	/** @return list<int> */
 	private function generations(): array {
-		return array_map(fn ($p) => (int)basename($p), $this->backend->list('catalog'));
+		return array_map(fn ($p) => (int)basename($p), $this->backend->listFiles('catalog'));
 	}
 
 	private function path(int $gen): string {

lib/Repository/PackReader.php

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Dillard Blom
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Repository;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\IBackend;
+
+/**
+ * Reads blobs from packs. Restores and deep verifies read the blobs of a snapshot in the order
+ * they were written, so the stream of the pack read last is kept open and read on from where it
+ * is: one request per pack instead of one per blob (a round trip each, and on most remote
+ * storages a new connection or file handle too). Anything else opens the pack at the offset,
+ * as a single read always did.
+ *
+ * The open stream must not overlap other requests on the location (SFTP cannot read and write
+ * on one connection at once): Repository reaches the location through a PackReaderGuard, which
+ * closes it first.
+ */
+final class PackReader {
+	/** A gap up to this size in the open stream is read past instead of opening the pack again. */
+	private const SKIP_MAX = 8 * 1048576;
+	private const CHUNK = 1048576;
+
+	/** @var resource|null */
+	private $stream = null;
+	private string $pack = '';
+	private int $pos = 0;
+
+	public function __construct(
+		private IBackend $backend,
+	) {
+	}
+
+	public function read(string $pack, int $offset, int $length): string {
+		if ($this->stream !== null && $this->pack === $pack && $offset >= $this->pos && $offset - $this->pos <= self::SKIP_MAX) {
+			try {
+				$this->skipTo($offset);
+				return $this->readExactly($length);
+			} catch (\Exception) {
+				// The open stream broke (e.g. a timeout); open the pack again below.
+			}
+		}
+		$this->close();
+		$fh = $this->backend->get('packs/' . substr($pack, 0, 2) . '/' . $pack);
+		$this->stream = $fh;
+		$this->pack = $pack;
+		$this->pos = 0;
+		try {
+			if ($offset > 0 && (stream_get_meta_data($fh)['seekable'] ?? false) && fseek($fh, $offset) === 0) {
+				$this->pos = $offset;
+			}
+			$this->skipTo($offset); // a stream that cannot seek is read up to the offset
+			return $this->readExactly($length);
+		} catch (\Exception $e) {
+			$this->close();
+			throw $e;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public function close(): void {
+		$fh = $this->stream;
+		$this->stream = null;
+		if ($fh !== null) {
+			@fclose($fh);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public function __destruct() {
+		$this->close();
+	}
+
+	private function skipTo(int $offset): void {
+		while ($this->pos < $offset) {
+			$this->readExactly(min($offset - $this->pos, self::CHUNK));
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Read $length bytes from the open stream; a short read closes it. */
+	private function readExactly(int $length): string {
+		$fh = $this->stream ?? throw new RepositoryException('No open pack stream');
+		$data = '';
+		while (strlen($data) < $length) {
+			$chunk = fread($fh, min($length - strlen($data), self::CHUNK));
+			if ($chunk === false || $chunk === '') {
+				$this->close();
+				throw new RepositoryException('Short read in pack ' . $this->pack);
+			}
+			$data .= $chunk;
+		}
+		$this->pos += $length;
+		return $data;
+	}
+}

lib/Repository/PackReaderGuard.php

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Dillard Blom
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Repository;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\IBackend;
+
+/** The location as Repository sees it: closes the PackReader's open stream before every other request. */
+final class PackReaderGuard implements IBackend {
+	public function __construct(
+		private IBackend $inner,
+		private PackReader $reader,
+	) {
+	}
+
+	/** @param resource $stream */
+	public function put(string $path, $stream): void {
+		$this->reader->close();
+		$this->inner->put($path, $stream);
+	}
+
+	public function get(string $path) {
+		$this->reader->close();
+		return $this->inner->get($path);
+	}
+
+	public function getRange(string $path, int $offset, int $length): string {
+		$this->reader->close();
+		return $this->inner->getRange($path, $offset, $length);
+	}
+
+	public function exists(string $path): bool {
+		$this->reader->close();
+		return $this->inner->exists($path);
+	}
+
+	public function move(string $from, string $to): void {
+		$this->reader->close();
+		$this->inner->move($from, $to);
+	}
+
+	public function list(string $prefix): array {
+		$this->reader->close();
+		return $this->inner->list($prefix);
+	}
+
+	public function listFiles(string $dir): array {
+		$this->reader->close();
+		return $this->inner->listFiles($dir);
+	}
+
+	public function delete(string $path): void {
+		$this->reader->close();
+		$this->inner->delete($path);
+	}
+}

lib/Repository/Repository.php

@@ -28,12 +28,15 @@ final class Repository {
 	public const FORMAT = 1;
 	public const BLOB_SIZE = 4 * 1048576;
 	private const FLAG_DEFLATE = 1;
+	/** Reads per blob in a deep verify before it is reported as unreadable (not corrupted). */
+	private const VERIFY_READ_ATTEMPTS = 3;
 
 	private StreamCipher $cipher;
 	private BlobIndex $index;
 	private ?PackWriter $runPacks = null;
 	private ?int $maxBytes = null;
 	private Catalog $catalog;
+	private PackReader $packReader;
 
 	private function __construct(
 		private IBackend $backend,
@@ -41,7 +44,9 @@ final class Repository {
 		private string $repositoryId,
 	) {
 		$this->cipher = new StreamCipher($keys);
-		$this->index = new BlobIndex($backend, $this->cipher);
+		$this->packReader = new PackReader($backend);
+		$this->backend = new PackReaderGuard($backend, $this->packReader);
+		$this->index = new BlobIndex($this->backend, $this->cipher);
 	}
 
 	public static function init(IBackend $backend, #[\SensitiveParameter] string $passphrase): self {
@@ -90,8 +95,8 @@ final class Repository {
 	private function loadCatalog(?ICatalogAnchor $anchor): void {
 		$this->catalog = new Catalog($this->backend, $this->cipher, $this->repositoryId, $anchor);
 		$this->catalog->load(
-			fn () => array_map('basename', $this->backend->list('snapshots')),
-			fn () => array_map('basename', $this->backend->list('trash/info')),
+			fn () => array_map('basename', $this->backend->listFiles('snapshots')),
+			fn () => array_map('basename', $this->backend->listFiles('trash/info')),
 			fn () => $this->backend->list('users'));
 	}
 
@@ -236,8 +241,13 @@ final class Repository {
 				unlink($tmp);
 				throw new RepositoryException('Size mismatch restoring ' . $entry['p']);
 			}
-			rename($tmp, $dest);
-			touch($dest, $entry['m']);
+			if (!rename($tmp, $dest)) {
+				@unlink($tmp);
+				throw new RepositoryException('Cannot put the restored file in place: ' . $entry['p']);
+			}
+			if (!touch($dest, $entry['m'])) {
+				throw new RepositoryException('Cannot set the modification time of ' . $entry['p']);
+			}
 			$count++;
 		}
 		return $count;
@@ -255,6 +265,15 @@ final class Repository {
 		});
 	}
 
+	/** See BlobIndex::holdCache(): no database writes until releaseIndexCache(). */
+	public function holdIndexCache(): void {
+		$this->index->holdCache();
+	}
+
+	public function releaseIndexCache(): void {
+		$this->index->releaseCache();
+	}
+
 	public function flushPacks(): void {
 		$this->runPacks?->flush();
 	}
@@ -375,31 +394,61 @@ final class Repository {
 			// must be decrypted and re-encrypted under the new path, not moved as raw bytes.
 			$dbInTrash = 'trash/' . $meta['db'];
 			$this->putObject($dbInTrash, $this->getObject($meta['db']));
-			$this->backend->delete($meta['db']);
 		}
-		// The snapshot object is bound to its id (not its path), so it can be moved as raw bytes.
-		$this->backend->move('snapshots/' . $snapshotId, 'trash/snapshots/' . $snapshotId);
+		// Copy first, switch the catalog, delete the originals last: a crash at any point leaves
+		// either the old state or the new one plus unreferenced leftovers, never a catalog entry
+		// pointing at a missing object. The snapshot object is bound to its id (not its path),
+		// so it can be copied as raw bytes.
+		$this->copyRaw('snapshots/' . $snapshotId, 'trash/snapshots/' . $snapshotId);
 		$this->putObject('trash/info/' . $snapshotId, json_encode(['forgottenAt' => time(), 'by' => $by, 'db' => $meta['db'] ?? null,
 			'dbInTrash' => $dbInTrash, 'time' => $meta['time'] ?? null, 'label' => $meta['label'] ?? ''], JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR));
 		unset($this->catalog->snapshots[$snapshotId]);
 		$this->catalog->trash[$snapshotId] = true;
 		$this->catalog->write();
+		if ($dbInTrash !== null) {
+			$this->backend->delete($meta['db']);
+		}
+		$this->backend->delete('snapshots/' . $snapshotId);
 	}
 
 	/** Undo forget(): move a snapshot back from the trash. */
 	public function untrash(string $snapshotId): void {
 		$info = $this->trashInfo($snapshotId);
-		if ($info['dbInTrash'] !== null && $this->backend->exists($info['dbInTrash'])) {
+		$restoreDb = $info['dbInTrash'] !== null && $this->backend->exists($info['dbInTrash']);
+		if ($restoreDb) {
 			$this->putObject($info['db'], $this->getObject($info['dbInTrash']));
-			$this->backend->delete($info['dbInTrash']);
 		}
-		$this->backend->move('trash/snapshots/' . $snapshotId, 'snapshots/' . $snapshotId);
+		// Same order as forget(): copy, switch the catalog, then delete the trash copies.
+		$this->copyRaw('trash/snapshots/' . $snapshotId, 'snapshots/' . $snapshotId);
 		$this->catalog->snapshots[$snapshotId] = true;
 		unset($this->catalog->trash[$snapshotId]);
 		$this->catalog->write();
+		if ($restoreDb) {
+			$this->backend->delete($info['dbInTrash']);
+		}
+		$this->backend->delete('trash/snapshots/' . $snapshotId);
 		$this->backend->delete('trash/info/' . $snapshotId);
 	}
 
+	/** Copy an object as raw bytes, buffered locally (remote read streams cannot be uploaded directly everywhere). */
+	private function copyRaw(string $from, string $to): void {
+		$in = $this->backend->get($from);
+		$buffer = fopen('php://temp/maxmemory:' . (4 * 1048576), 'w+b');
+		if ($buffer === false) {
+			fclose($in);
+			throw new RepositoryException("Cannot buffer $from");
+		}
+		try {
+			if (stream_copy_to_stream($in, $buffer) === false) {
+				throw new RepositoryException("Cannot read $from");
+			}
+		} finally {
+			fclose($in);
+		}
+		rewind($buffer);
+		$this->backend->put($to, $buffer);
+	}
+
 	/** Record a user_migration export's manifest in the catalog (rollback-protected like a snapshot). */
 	public function recordUserExport(string $manifestPath): void {
 		$this->catalog->userExports[$manifestPath] = true;
@@ -530,7 +579,10 @@ final class Repository {
 				}
 			}
 		}
-		foreach ($this->backend->list('users') as $path) {
+		// listUserExports() throws when a recorded export's manifest is missing: then stop, since
+		// freeing its blobs would turn a tampering or storage alarm into irreversible deletion.
+		$exports = array_unique(array_merge($this->listUserExports(), $this->backend->list('users')));
+		foreach ($exports as $path) {
 			foreach (json_decode($this->getObject($path), true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR)['entries'] as $e) {
 				foreach ($e['b'] ?? [] as $b) {
 					$used[$b] = true;
@@ -594,7 +646,7 @@ final class Repository {
 	 * @return list<string>
 	 */
 	public function listSnapshots(): array {
-		$present = array_flip(array_map('basename', $this->backend->list('snapshots')));
+		$present = array_flip(array_map('basename', $this->backend->listFiles('snapshots')));
 		$listed = array_keys($this->catalog->snapshots);
 		foreach ($listed as $id) {
 			if (!isset($present[$id])) {
@@ -658,8 +710,13 @@ final class Repository {
 	}
 
 	private function loadBlob(string $id): string {
-		[$pack, $offset, $length, $raw, $flags] = $this->index->get($id);
-		$encrypted = $this->backend->getRange('packs/' . substr($pack, 0, 2) . '/' . $pack, $offset, $length);
+		[$pack, $offset, $length] = $this->index->get($id);
+		return $this->decodeBlob($id, $this->packReader->read($pack, $offset, $length));
+	}
+
+	/** Decrypts and checks a blob read from its pack; throws when it is corrupted or tampered with. */
+	private function decodeBlob(string $id, string $encrypted): string {
+		[, , , $raw, $flags] = $this->index->get($id);
 		$payload = $this->cipher->decryptString($encrypted, 'blob:' . $id);
 		$data = ($flags & self::FLAG_DEFLATE) ? gzinflate($payload) : $payload;
 		if ($data === false || strlen($data) !== $raw || $this->keys->blobId($data) !== $id) {
@@ -695,13 +752,13 @@ final class Repository {
 	 *
 	 * @param ?callable $heartbeat called after every blob (shallow) or every blob read (deep);
 	 *        callers use it to keep a time-boxed lease alive during a large audit
-	 * @return array{filesChecked:int, blobsChecked:int, bytesChecked:int, missing:list<string>, failed:list<string>}
+	 * @return array{filesChecked:int, blobsChecked:int, bytesChecked:int, missing:list<string>, failed:list<string>, unreadable:list<string>, readError:string}
 	 */
 	public function verify(string $snapshotId, bool $deep = false, ?callable $heartbeat = null): array {
 		$heartbeat ??= static function (): void {
 		};
 		$this->index->load(true);
-		$stats = ['filesChecked' => 0, 'blobsChecked' => 0, 'bytesChecked' => 0, 'missing' => [], 'failed' => []];
+		$stats = ['filesChecked' => 0, 'blobsChecked' => 0, 'bytesChecked' => 0, 'missing' => [], 'failed' => [], 'unreadable' => [], 'readError' => ''];
 		$seen = [];
 		$packSeen = []; // pack id => exists on the backend; avoids one exists() call per blob
 		foreach ($this->streamEntries($snapshotId) as $entry) {
@@ -740,7 +797,7 @@ final class Repository {
 	 * Same checks as verify(), for a user export: every blob its manifest references must be in
 	 * the freshly re-authenticated index with its pack present; $deep also decrypts each.
 	 *
-	 * @return array{filesChecked:int, blobsChecked:int, bytesChecked:int, missing:list<string>, failed:list<string>}
+	 * @return array{filesChecked:int, blobsChecked:int, bytesChecked:int, missing:list<string>, failed:list<string>, unreadable:list<string>, readError:string}
 	 */
 	public function verifyUserExport(string $manifestPath, bool $deep = false, ?callable $heartbeat = null): array {
 		if (!$this->isRecordedUserExport($manifestPath)) {
@@ -749,7 +806,7 @@ final class Repository {
 		$heartbeat ??= static function (): void {
 		};
 		$this->index->load(true);
-		$stats = ['filesChecked' => 0, 'blobsChecked' => 0, 'bytesChecked' => 0, 'missing' => [], 'failed' => []];
+		$stats = ['filesChecked' => 0, 'blobsChecked' => 0, 'bytesChecked' => 0, 'missing' => [], 'failed' => [], 'unreadable' => [], 'readError' => ''];
 		$seen = [];
 		$packSeen = [];
 		$manifest = json_decode($this->getObject($manifestPath), true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
@@ -786,9 +843,26 @@ final class Repository {
 		if (!$deep) {
 			return;
 		}
+		// Reading and checking are kept apart: a read that fails is usually a network or
+		// storage error, so it is retried and reported as unreadable (a pack that stays
+		// unreadable may still be truncated). Only a blob that was read but does not
+		// decrypt or match its id counts as failed: that is proof of damage.
+		[, $offset, $length] = $this->index->get($id);
+		$encrypted = null;
+		for ($attempt = 1; $attempt <= self::VERIFY_READ_ATTEMPTS && $encrypted === null; $attempt++) {
+			try {
+				$encrypted = $this->packReader->read($pack, $offset, $length);
+			} catch (\Exception $e) { // storage adapters throw their own exceptions; \Error (a bug) is not retried
+				$stats['readError'] = $e->getMessage();
+			}
+		}
+		if ($encrypted === null) {
+			$stats['unreadable'][] = $id;
+			return;
+		}
 		try {
-			$stats['bytesChecked'] += strlen($this->loadBlob($id));
-		} catch (\Throwable) {
+			$stats['bytesChecked'] += strlen($this->decodeBlob($id, $encrypted));
+		} catch (\Exception) { // damage; an \Error is a bug and must not be reported as damage
 			$stats['failed'][] = $id;
 		}
 	}

lib/Service/AlertService.php

@@ -54,6 +54,13 @@ final class AlertService {
 			['kind' => $run->getKind(), 'target' => $targetName, 'error' => mb_strimwidth((string)$run->getError(), 0, 300, '…')]);
 	}
 
+	/** A backup that finished but is missing unreadable files, or holds files that changed while read. */
+	public function runWarnings(Run $run, string $targetName, int $unreadable, int $changing, array $examples): void {
+		$this->notifyAdmins('run_warnings', 'run-' . $run->getId(), ['target' => $targetName,
+			'unreadable' => (string)$unreadable, 'changing' => (string)$changing,
+			'examples' => mb_strimwidth(implode(', ', array_merge($examples['unreadable'], $examples['changing'])), 0, 300, '…')]);
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Remember how much is stored on a location (for the settings page) and warn administrators
 	 * once a day when it is at 80% of its limit or more.

lib/Service/BackupService.php

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use OCA\NgBackup\Db\Snapshot;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Db\SnapshotMapper;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Db\Target;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Job\BackupRun;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Repository\RepositoryException;
 use OCP\App\IAppManager;
 use OCP\IConfig;
 use OCP\IDBConnection;
@@ -151,16 +152,25 @@ final class BackupService {
 					// Catalog write under the catalog lock, from a repository opened inside it: a per-user
 					// export or restore may have written the catalog since this step opened $repo.
 					try {
-						$this->leases->with(PruneService::catalogLockKey($target), LeaseService::EXCLUSIVE, 30,
+						$this->leases->with(PruneService::catalogLockKey($target), LeaseService::EXCLUSIVE, 300,
 							fn () => $this->targets->repository($target)->recordSnapshot((string)$state['files']['snapshot']));
 						$state['files']['phase'] = 'done';
-					} catch (LockedException) {
-						// Another catalog write is in progress: the next step retries this commit.
+					} catch (LockedException|RepositoryException) {
+						// Another catalog write is in progress (or just raced us to the next
+						// generation): the next step retries this commit on the fresh catalog.
 					}
 				}
 				if ($state['files']['phase'] === 'done') {
 					$this->recordSnapshot($run, $state['files']);
 					$this->alerts->storedBytes($target, $repo->storedBytes());
+					$stats = $state['files']['stats'];
+					if (($stats['unreadable'] ?? 0) > 0 || ($stats['changing'] ?? 0) > 0) {
+						$warnings = BackupRun::warnings($state['files']);
+						$this->logger->warning(sprintf('NG Backup run %d to %s: %d unreadable (missing from the snapshot): %s; %d changed while being read: %s',
+							$run->getId(), $target->getName(), $stats['unreadable'] ?? 0, implode(', ', $warnings['unreadable']),
+							$stats['changing'] ?? 0, implode(', ', $warnings['changing'])));
+						$this->alerts->runWarnings($run, $target->getName(), (int)($stats['unreadable'] ?? 0), (int)($stats['changing'] ?? 0), $warnings);
+					}
 					$run->setStatus(Run::DONE);
 					$run->setPhase('done');
 					$run->setFinishedAt(time());

lib/Service/RestoreFullService.php

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ final class RestoreFullService {
 		];
 	}
 
-	/** @return array{dbReport:array, dataFiles:int, configKeys:int} */
+	/** @return array{dbReport:array, dataFiles:int, configKeys:int, dbConsistent:bool} */
 	public function restoreFull(Target $target, string $snapshotId): array {
 		$check = $this->checkCompatibility($target, $snapshotId);
 		if (!$check['ok']) {
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ final class RestoreFullService {
 			$meta = $repo->snapshotMeta($snapshotId);
 
 			$dbReport = null;
+			$manifest = [];
 			if (isset($meta['db'])) {
 				$manifest = json_decode($repo->getObject($meta['db']), true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
 				$prefix = $this->config->getSystemValueString('dbtableprefix', 'oc_');
@@ -124,7 +125,8 @@ final class RestoreFullService {
 				);
 			}
 
-			return ['dbReport' => $dbReport ?? ['skipped' => [], 'restored' => []], 'dataFiles' => $dataFiles, 'configKeys' => count($backupConfig)];
+			return ['dbReport' => $dbReport ?? ['skipped' => [], 'restored' => []], 'dataFiles' => $dataFiles, 'configKeys' => count($backupConfig),
+				'dbConsistent' => (bool)($manifest['consistent'] ?? true)];
 		});
 	}
 

lib/Service/UserBackupService.php

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ final class UserBackupService {
 
 	private function withCatalogLock(Target $target, callable $fn): mixed {
 		try {
-			return $this->leases->with(PruneService::catalogLockKey($target), LeaseService::EXCLUSIVE, 30, $fn);
+			return $this->leases->with(PruneService::catalogLockKey($target), LeaseService::EXCLUSIVE, 300, $fn);
 		} catch (LockedException) {
 			throw new \RuntimeException('Another catalog write for ' . $target->getName() . ' is in progress; try again');
 		}

lib/Service/UserRestoreService.php

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ final class UserRestoreService {
 
 	private function withCatalogLock(Target $target, callable $fn): mixed {
 		try {
-			return $this->leases->with(PruneService::catalogLockKey($target), LeaseService::EXCLUSIVE, 30, $fn);
+			return $this->leases->with(PruneService::catalogLockKey($target), LeaseService::EXCLUSIVE, 300, $fn);
 		} catch (LockedException) {
 			throw new \RuntimeException('Another catalog write for ' . $target->getName() . ' is in progress; try again');
 		}

lib/Service/VerifyService.php

@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ final class VerifyService {
 	) {
 	}
 
-	/** @return array{filesChecked:int, blobsChecked:int, bytesChecked:int, missing:list<string>, failed:list<string>} */
+	/** @return array{filesChecked:int, blobsChecked:int, bytesChecked:int, missing:list<string>, failed:list<string>, unreadable:list<string>, readError:string} */
 	public function verify(Target $target, string $snapshotId, bool $deep = false): array {
 		return $this->run($target, $deep, fn (\OCA\NgBackup\Repository\Repository $repo, callable $heartbeat): array => $repo->verify($snapshotId, $deep, $heartbeat));
 	}
 
-	/** @return array{filesChecked:int, blobsChecked:int, bytesChecked:int, missing:list<string>, failed:list<string>} */
+	/** @return array{filesChecked:int, blobsChecked:int, bytesChecked:int, missing:list<string>, failed:list<string>, unreadable:list<string>, readError:string} */
 	public function verifyUserExport(Target $target, string $manifestPath, bool $deep = false): array {
 		return $this->run($target, $deep, fn (\OCA\NgBackup\Repository\Repository $repo, callable $heartbeat): array => $repo->verifyUserExport($manifestPath, $deep, $heartbeat));
 	}

psalm-baseline.xml

@@ -224,14 +224,9 @@
     <MissingParamType>
       <code><![CDATA[$fh]]></code>
     </MissingParamType>
-    <PossiblyNullIterator>
-      <code><![CDATA[$segments]]></code>
-    </PossiblyNullIterator>
     <PossiblyUndefinedArrayOffset>
       <code><![CDATA[$mtime]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[$state['cur']]]></code>
       <code><![CDATA[$state['phase']]]></code>
-      <code><![CDATA[$state['segments']]]></code>
       <code><![CDATA[$state['stats']]]></code>
     </PossiblyUndefinedArrayOffset>
   </file>

src/AdminSettings.vue

@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ onBeforeUnmount(() => clearTimeout(timer))
 .ngb-tabs {
 	display: flex;
 	gap: 8px;
-	margin: 0 0 12px;
+	/* Same inline margin as NcSettingsSection, so the tabs line up with the section content */
+	margin: 0 calc(var(--default-grid-baseline) * 7) 12px;
 }
 </style>

src/components/Backups.vue

@@ -30,30 +30,32 @@
 			</div>
 		</template>
 
-		<table v-if="status.runs.length" class="ngb-table">
-			<thead>
-				<tr>
-					<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Started') }}</th>
-					<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Location') }}</th>
-					<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Kind') }}</th>
-					<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Restore point') }}</th>
-					<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Status') }}</th>
-					<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Files') }}</th>
-					<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Uploaded') }}</th>
-				</tr>
-			</thead>
-			<tbody>
-				<tr v-for="run in status.runs" :key="run.id" :title="run.error || ''">
-					<td>{{ new Date(run.startedAt * 1000).toLocaleString() }}</td>
-					<td>{{ targetName(run.targetId) }}</td>
-					<td>{{ run.kind }}</td>
-					<td>{{ run.snapshot ? new Date(run.snapshot.createdAt * 1000).toLocaleString() + (run.snapshot.label ? ' – ' + run.snapshot.label : '') : '' }}</td>
-					<td :class="'ngb-' + run.status">{{ run.status }}{{ run.status === 'running' ? ' (' + run.phase + ')' : '' }}{{ run.error ? ': ' + run.error : '' }}</td>
-					<td>{{ run.stats?.files?.files ?? run.stats?.restored ?? '' }}</td>
-					<td>{{ run.stats?.files ? formatSize(run.stats.files.uploaded) : '' }}</td>
-				</tr>
-			</tbody>
-		</table>
+		<div v-if="status.runs.length" class="ngb-table-wrap">
+			<table class="ngb-table">
+				<thead>
+					<tr>
+						<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Started') }}</th>
+						<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Location') }}</th>
+						<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Kind') }}</th>
+						<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Restore point') }}</th>
+						<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Status') }}</th>
+						<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Files') }}</th>
+						<th>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Uploaded') }}</th>
+					</tr>
+				</thead>
+				<tbody>
+					<tr v-for="run in status.runs" :key="run.id" :title="run.error || ''">
+						<td>{{ new Date(run.startedAt * 1000).toLocaleString() }}</td>
+						<td>{{ targetName(run.targetId) }}</td>
+						<td>{{ run.kind }}</td>
+						<td>{{ run.snapshot ? new Date(run.snapshot.createdAt * 1000).toLocaleString() + (run.snapshot.label ? ' – ' + run.snapshot.label : '') : '' }}</td>
+						<td :class="'ngb-' + run.status">{{ run.status }}{{ run.status === 'running' ? ' (' + run.phase + ')' : '' }}{{ run.error ? ': ' + run.error : '' }}</td>
+						<td>{{ run.stats?.files?.files ?? run.stats?.restored ?? '' }}</td>
+						<td>{{ run.stats?.files ? formatSize(run.stats.files.uploaded) : '' }}</td>
+					</tr>
+				</tbody>
+			</table>
+		</div>
 	</NcSettingsSection>
 </template>
 
@@ -126,6 +128,7 @@ async function saveSchedule() {
 <style scoped>
 .ngb-row { display: flex; gap: 8px; align-items: flex-end; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 12px; }
 .ngb-time { max-width: 260px; }
+.ngb-table-wrap { overflow-x: auto; }
 .ngb-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
 .ngb-table th, .ngb-table td { text-align: start; padding: 4px 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border); }
 .ngb-failed { color: var(--color-error-text); }

src/components/KeySetup.vue

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 						<td>{{ t('ng_backup', 'Slot {n}', { n: slot.slot }) }}</td>
 						<td><strong>{{ slot.label }}</strong></td>
 						<td class="ngb-muted">{{ slot.created ? new Date(slot.created * 1000).toLocaleDateString() : '' }}</td>
-						<td>
+						<td class="ngb-actions">
 							<NcButton variant="tertiary" @click="openSlotForm(slot)">{{ t('ng_backup', 'New passphrase') }}</NcButton>
 							<NcButton v-if="status.key.slots.length > 1" variant="tertiary" @click="removeSlot(slot)">{{ t('ng_backup', 'Remove') }}</NcButton>
 						</td>
@@ -162,5 +162,6 @@ const confirm = () => guarded(async () => {
 .ngb-form, .ngb-confirm { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px; max-width: 600px; margin: 8px 0; }
 .ngb-row { display: flex; gap: 8px; }
 .ngb-table td { padding: 2px 12px 2px 0; }
+.ngb-actions { display: flex; gap: 4px; }
 h3 { margin-top: 16px; font-weight: bold; }
 </style>

src/components/Locations.vue

@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ async function add() {
 	busy.value = true
 	error.value = ''
 	try {
+		await confirmPassword()
 		await api.addTarget({ name: form.name, backend: backend.value.id, auth: auth.value.id, options: form.options, path: form.path,
 			maxGb: form.maxGb === '' ? null : Number(form.maxGb) })
 		adding.value = false

src/components/RestoreBrowser.vue

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 		:description="t('ng_backup', 'Pick a restore point and a user folder or file. Restores run in the background and go through Nextcloud, so overwritten files keep their old content as a version and removed files go to the trash.')">
 		<div class="ngb-row">
 			<NcSelect v-model="target" :options="status.targets" label="name" :input-label="t('ng_backup', 'Location')" :clearable="false" />
-			<NcSelect v-if="target" v-model="snapshot" :options="snapshots" label="displayLabel" :input-label="t('ng_backup', 'Restore point')" :clearable="false" />
+			<NcSelect v-if="target" v-model="snapshot" :options="snapshots" label="displayLabel" class="ngb-snapshot" :input-label="t('ng_backup', 'Restore point')" :clearable="false" />
 		</div>
 
 		<template v-if="snapshot">
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ const busy = ref(false)
 const error = ref('')
 const message = ref('')
 const modes = [
-	{ id: 'new-folder', label: t('ng_backup', 'Into a new folder "Restored <date>" (nothing existing is changed)') },
+	{ id: 'new-folder', label: t('ng_backup', 'Into a new folder "Restored {date}" (nothing existing is changed)', { date: 'YYYY-MM-DD HH.MM' }) },
 	{ id: 'merge', label: t('ng_backup', 'Into the original place, overwrite (old content kept as a version)') },
 	{ id: 'replace', label: t('ng_backup', 'Into the original place, overwrite and move files that are not in the backup to the trash') },
 ]
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ async function restore() {
 
 <style scoped>
 .ngb-row { display: flex; gap: 12px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 12px; }
+.ngb-row :deep(.ngb-snapshot) { min-width: min(360px, 100%); }
 .ngb-crumbs { display: flex; align-items: center; flex-wrap: wrap; }
 .ngb-entries li { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; min-height: 36px; }
 .ngb-entries li.selected { background: var(--color-primary-element-light); border-radius: var(--border-radius); }

tests/Unit/Backend/SftpReadStreamTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,478 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Backend;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\BackendException;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\SftpReadStream;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * SftpReadStream against a fake of the phpseclib connection: an SFTP server that answers READ
+ * requests from in-memory files, optionally capped. Every answer must be asked for by its request
+ * id, as phpseclib matches them: a server may answer out of order.
+ */
+class SftpReadStreamTest extends TestCase {
+	protected function setUp(): void {
+		SftpReadStream::reset();
+	}
+
+	public function testReadsAWholeFileWithSeveralRequestsInFlight(): void {
+		$data = random_bytes(5 * 1048576 + 12345);
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/repo/packs/ab/abcd' => $data]);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage($sftp), 'repo/packs/ab/abcd');
+
+		$this->assertIsResource($fh);
+		$this->assertSame($data, stream_get_contents($fh));
+		$this->assertTrue(feof($fh));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame(SftpReadStream::DEPTH, $sftp->maxInFlight);
+		$this->assertSame(0, $sftp->pending(), 'nothing may be left on the connection after close');
+		$this->assertSame([], $sftp->openHandles);
+	}
+
+	public function testAServerThatCapsAReadStillGivesEveryByteInOrder(): void {
+		$data = random_bytes(3 * 1048576 + 7);
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => $data], cap: 100000);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage($sftp), 'f');
+
+		$this->assertSame($data, stream_get_contents($fh));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame(0, $sftp->pending());
+
+		// The cap is learned: a next stream asks for no more than the server gives.
+		$sftp->reads = [];
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage($sftp), 'f');
+		$this->assertSame($data, stream_get_contents($fh));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame([100000], array_values(array_unique($sftp->reads)));
+
+		// Only for that connection.
+		$other = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => $data]);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage($other), 'f');
+		$this->assertSame($data, stream_get_contents($fh));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame(261120, max($other->reads));
+	}
+
+	public function testATinyAnswerDoesNotShrinkTheReadsBelowWhatEveryServerSupports(): void {
+		$data = random_bytes(1048576);
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => $data], cap: 1000);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage($sftp), 'f');
+		$this->assertSame($data, stream_get_contents($fh));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame(32768, min($sftp->reads));
+	}
+
+	public function testSeekingReadsFromTheNewOffset(): void {
+		$data = random_bytes(3 * 1048576);
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => $data]);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage($sftp), 'f');
+
+		$this->assertSame(0, fseek($fh, 2000000));
+		$this->assertSame(2000000, ftell($fh));
+		$this->assertSame(substr($data, 2000000, 1000), fread($fh, 1000));
+		$this->assertSame(0, fseek($fh, 10)); // backwards
+		$this->assertSame(substr($data, 10, 70000), $this->readExactly($fh, 70000));
+		$this->assertSame(0, fseek($fh, 100, SEEK_CUR)); // within what is already buffered
+		$this->assertSame(substr($data, 70110, 5000), $this->readExactly($fh, 5000));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame(0, $sftp->pending());
+	}
+
+	public function testASmallReadDoesNotFetchTheWholePipelineAhead(): void {
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => random_bytes(10 * 1048576)]);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage($sftp), 'f');
+		fread($fh, 100);
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertCount(1, $sftp->reads, 'the first request goes alone, the pipeline grows while reading on');
+	}
+
+	public function testAnEmptyFileIsAtEndAtOnce(): void {
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => '']);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage($sftp), 'f');
+		$this->assertSame('', stream_get_contents($fh));
+		$this->assertTrue(feof($fh));
+		fclose($fh);
+	}
+
+	public function testAMissingFileCannotBeOpened(): void {
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection([]);
+		$this->assertFalse(SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage($sftp), 'nope'));
+		$this->assertSame(0, $sftp->pending());
+	}
+
+	public function testAServerErrorGoesOnWithTheStoragesOwnStreamFromTheSamePosition(): void {
+		$data = random_bytes(3 * 1048576);
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => $data], failAt: 1048576);
+		$storage = new FakeSftpStorage($sftp);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f');
+
+		$this->assertSame($data, $this->readAll($fh));
+		$this->assertSame(['f'], $storage->fopens);
+		$this->assertSame(strlen($data), ftell($fh));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame(0, $sftp->pending(), 'the connection is clean for the storage\'s own stream');
+		$this->assertSame([], $sftp->openHandles, 'the failed handle is closed');
+
+		// One failure is no reason to give up on the fast reads.
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f');
+		$this->assertIsResource($fh);
+		fclose($fh);
+	}
+
+	public function testOnlyFailuresInARowSwitchTheFastReadsOff(): void {
+		$data = random_bytes(2 * 1048576);
+		$failing = new FakeSftpStorage(new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => $data], failAt: 1048576));
+		$working = new FakeSftpStorage(new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => $data]));
+		for ($i = 1; $i < SftpReadStream::MAX_FAILURES; $i++) {
+			$fh = SftpReadStream::open($failing, 'f');
+			$this->assertSame($data, $this->readAll($fh));
+			fclose($fh);
+		}
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open($working, 'f'); // a stream that works resets the count
+		$this->assertSame($data, $this->readAll($fh));
+		fclose($fh);
+		for ($i = 1; $i <= SftpReadStream::MAX_FAILURES; $i++) {
+			$fh = SftpReadStream::open($failing, 'f');
+			$this->assertIsResource($fh, "failure $i");
+			$this->assertSame($data, $this->readAll($fh));
+			fclose($fh);
+		}
+		$this->assertNull(SftpReadStream::open($working, 'f'));
+		$this->assertSame(SftpReadStream::MAX_FAILURES * 2 - 1, count($failing->fopens), 'every failed stream still gave all its data');
+	}
+
+	public function testAServerErrorAfterASeekGoesOnFromTheSeekedPosition(): void {
+		$data = random_bytes(3 * 1048576);
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => $data], failAt: 2500000);
+		$storage = new FakeSftpStorage($sftp);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f');
+		$this->assertSame(0, fseek($fh, 2400000));
+		$this->assertSame(substr($data, 2400000), $this->readAll($fh));
+		$this->assertSame(0, fseek($fh, 100)); // seeks go to the storage's stream now
+		$this->assertSame(substr($data, 100, 1000), $this->readExactly($fh, 1000));
+		fclose($fh);
+	}
+
+	public function testAConnectionErrorDoesNotFallBackOnTheSameConnection(): void {
+		// After an exception, answers may still be on their way; files_external's stream would
+		// take them for its own.
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => random_bytes(3 * 1048576)], throwAt: 1048576);
+		$storage = new FakeSftpStorage($sftp);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f');
+		$this->assertLessThan(3 * 1048576, strlen($this->readAll($fh)));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame([], $storage->fopens);
+	}
+
+	public function testALostConnectionDoesNotFallBackEither(): void {
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => random_bytes(3 * 1048576)], loseAt: 1048576);
+		$storage = new FakeSftpStorage($sftp);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f');
+		$this->assertLessThan(3 * 1048576, strlen($this->readAll($fh)));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame([], $storage->fopens);
+	}
+
+	public function testWhenTheStoragesOwnStreamFailsTooTheReadFails(): void {
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => random_bytes(3 * 1048576)], failAt: 1048576);
+		$storage = new FakeSftpStorage($sftp, fopenFails: true);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f');
+		$this->assertLessThan(3 * 1048576, strlen($this->readAll($fh)));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame(['f'], $storage->fopens);
+	}
+
+	public function testAConnectionErrorWhileOpeningIsAnErrorNotAMissingFile(): void {
+		// The OPEN request went out: the storage's own stream must not be tried on this connection.
+		$storage = new FakeSftpStorage(new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => 'x'], throwAt: -1));
+		try {
+			SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f');
+			$this->fail('expected a BackendException');
+		} catch (BackendException $e) {
+			$this->assertStringContainsString('connection', $e->getMessage());
+		}
+		$lost = new FakeSftpStorage(new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => 'x'], loseAt: -1));
+		$this->expectException(BackendException::class);
+		SftpReadStream::open($lost, 'f');
+	}
+
+	public function testAConnectionErrorWhileOpeningDoesNotStopTheNextFile(): void {
+		try {
+			SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage(new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => 'x'], throwAt: -1)), 'f');
+		} catch (BackendException) {
+		}
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open(new FakeSftpStorage(new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => 'x'])), 'f');
+		$this->assertSame('x', stream_get_contents($fh));
+		fclose($fh);
+	}
+
+	public function testAFailedCloseDoesNotFallBackOnTheSameConnection(): void {
+		$sftp = new FakeSftpConnection(['/home/f' => random_bytes(3 * 1048576)], failAt: 1048576, closeFails: true);
+		$storage = new FakeSftpStorage($sftp);
+		$fh = SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f');
+		$this->assertLessThan(3 * 1048576, strlen($this->readAll($fh)));
+		fclose($fh);
+		$this->assertSame([], $storage->fopens);
+	}
+
+	public function testAStorageThatThrowsIsNotUsed(): void {
+		$storage = new class {
+			public function getRoot(): string {
+				return '/';
+			}
+
+			public function getConnection(): object {
+				throw new \RuntimeException('Login failed');
+			}
+		};
+		$this->assertNull(SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f'));
+	}
+
+	public function testAConnectionWithoutTheNeededMethodsIsNotUsed(): void {
+		$storage = new class {
+			public function getRoot(): string {
+				return '/';
+			}
+
+			public function getConnection(): object {
+				return new \stdClass();
+			}
+		};
+		$this->assertNull(SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f'));
+		$this->assertNull(SftpReadStream::open(new \stdClass(), 'f'));
+	}
+
+	public function testAPhpseclib3ConnectionIsNotUsed(): void {
+		// phpseclib 3 has no _-prefixed methods; its packet_type and packet methods are private.
+		$v3 = new class {
+			private int $packet_type = -1;
+
+			private function _send_sftp_packet(): bool {
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			private function _get_sftp_packet(): string {
+				return '';
+			}
+
+			public function _realpath(string $path): string {
+				return $path;
+			}
+
+			public function realpath(string $path): string {
+				return $path . (string)$this->packet_type . $this->_send_sftp_packet() . $this->_get_sftp_packet();
+			}
+		};
+		$storage = new class($v3) {
+			public function __construct(
+				private object $connection,
+			) {
+			}
+
+			public function getRoot(): string {
+				return '/';
+			}
+
+			public function getConnection(): object {
+				return $this->connection;
+			}
+		};
+		$this->assertNull(SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f'));
+	}
+
+	public function testAPrivatePacketTypeIsNotUsed(): void {
+		$conn = new class {
+			private int $packet_type = -1;
+
+			public function _send_sftp_packet(): bool {
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			public function _get_sftp_packet(): string {
+				return (string)$this->packet_type;
+			}
+
+			public function _realpath(string $path): string {
+				return $path;
+			}
+		};
+		$storage = new class($conn) {
+			public function __construct(
+				private object $connection,
+			) {
+			}
+
+			public function getRoot(): string {
+				return '/';
+			}
+
+			public function getConnection(): object {
+				return $this->connection;
+			}
+		};
+		$this->assertNull(SftpReadStream::open($storage, 'f'));
+	}
+
+	/** @param resource $fh */
+	private function readAll($fh): string {
+		$data = '';
+		while (!feof($fh)) {
+			$chunk = fread($fh, 65536);
+			if ($chunk === false || $chunk === '') {
+				break;
+			}
+			$data .= $chunk;
+		}
+		return $data;
+	}
+
+	/** @param resource $fh */
+	private function readExactly($fh, int $length): string {
+		$data = '';
+		while (strlen($data) < $length && !feof($fh)) {
+			$data .= fread($fh, $length - strlen($data));
+		}
+		return $data;
+	}
+}
+
+final class FakeSftpStorage {
+	/** @var list<string> paths opened through the storage's own stream */
+	public array $fopens = [];
+
+	public function __construct(
+		private FakeSftpConnection $connection,
+		private bool $fopenFails = false,
+	) {
+	}
+
+	/** files_external's own read stream: here the file from memory, seekable. */
+	public function fopen(string $path, string $mode) {
+		$this->fopens[] = $path;
+		$data = $this->connection->file('/home/' . $path);
+		if ($this->fopenFails || $data === null) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		$fh = fopen('php://memory', 'r+');
+		fwrite($fh, $data);
+		rewind($fh);
+		return $fh;
+	}
+
+	public function getRoot(): string {
+		return '/home/';
+	}
+
+	public function getConnection(): FakeSftpConnection {
+		return $this->connection;
+	}
+}
+
+/** The part of phpseclib\Net\SFTP (2.x) that SftpReadStream uses. */
+final class FakeSftpConnection {
+	public int $packet_type = -1;
+	public int $maxInFlight = 0;
+	/** @var list<int> lengths asked for by READ requests */
+	public array $reads = [];
+	/** @var array<string, string> */
+	public array $openHandles = [];
+	/** @var array<int, array{int, string}> answers by request id, in the order the server sent them */
+	private array $answers = [];
+	private int $handles = 0;
+
+	/** @param array<string, string> $files */
+	public function __construct(
+		private array $files,
+		private int $cap = 261120,
+		private ?int $failAt = null,
+		/** READ at or past this offset throws; -1: OPEN throws */
+		private ?int $throwAt = null,
+		/** READ at or past this offset finds the connection gone (phpseclib returns false); -1: OPEN */
+		private ?int $loseAt = null,
+		private bool $closeFails = false,
+	) {
+	}
+
+	public function file(string $path): ?string {
+		return $this->files[$path] ?? null;
+	}
+
+	public function pending(): int {
+		return count($this->answers);
+	}
+
+	public function _realpath(string $path): string {
+		return '/' . trim(preg_replace('#/+#', '/', $path), '/');
+	}
+
+	public function _send_sftp_packet(int $type, string $data, int $id = 1): bool {
+		switch ($type) {
+			case 3: // OPEN
+				if ($this->throwAt === -1) {
+					throw new \RuntimeException('Connection closed by server');
+				}
+				if ($this->loseAt === -1) {
+					return false;
+				}
+				$path = substr($data, 4, unpack('N', $data)[1]);
+				if (!isset($this->files[$path])) {
+					$this->answers[$id] = [101, pack('N', 2)];
+					break;
+				}
+				$handle = 'h' . ++$this->handles;
+				$this->openHandles[$handle] = $path;
+				$this->answers[$id] = [102, pack('Na*', strlen($handle), $handle)];
+				break;
+			case 4: // CLOSE
+				if ($this->closeFails) {
+					return false;
+				}
+				$handle = substr($data, 4, unpack('N', $data)[1]);
+				unset($this->openHandles[$handle]);
+				$this->answers[$id] = [101, pack('N', 0)];
+				break;
+			case 5: // READ
+				$len = unpack('N', $data)[1];
+				$handle = substr($data, 4, $len);
+				['hi' => $hi, 'lo' => $lo, 'n' => $n] = unpack('Nhi/Nlo/Nn', substr($data, 4 + $len));
+				$offset = $hi * 4294967296 + $lo;
+				$this->reads[] = $n;
+				if ($this->throwAt !== null && $this->throwAt >= 0 && $offset >= $this->throwAt) {
+					throw new \RuntimeException('Connection closed by server');
+				}
+				if ($this->loseAt !== null && $this->loseAt >= 0 && $offset >= $this->loseAt) {
+					$this->answers = [];
+					return false;
+				}
+				$file = $this->files[$this->openHandles[$handle]];
+				if ($this->failAt !== null && $offset >= $this->failAt) {
+					$this->answers[$id] = [101, pack('N', 4)]; // FX_FAILURE
+				} elseif ($offset >= strlen($file)) {
+					$this->answers[$id] = [101, pack('N', 1)]; // FX_EOF
+				} else {
+					$chunk = substr($file, $offset, min($n, $this->cap));
+					$this->answers[$id] = [103, pack('Na*', strlen($chunk), $chunk)];
+				}
+				$this->maxInFlight = max($this->maxInFlight, count($this->answers));
+				break;
+			default:
+				throw new \LogicException("unexpected packet type $type");
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	public function _get_sftp_packet(?int $id = null): string|false {
+		if ($this->answers === []) {
+			throw new \LogicException('waiting for an answer that will never come');
+		}
+		if ($id === null || !isset($this->answers[$id])) {
+			throw new \LogicException("no answer for request $id");
+		}
+		[$this->packet_type, $payload] = $this->answers[$id];
+		unset($this->answers[$id]);
+		return $payload;
+	}
+}

tests/Unit/Backend/StorageBackendListTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Backend;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\BackendException;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\StorageBackend;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\TempDirTrait;
+use OCP\Files\Storage\IStorage;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+/** On a remote storage every is_dir() is a round trip: listing index/ must not cost one per pack. */
+class StorageBackendListTest extends TestCase {
+	use TempDirTrait;
+
+	public function testListFilesChecksOnlyTheFolderItself(): void {
+		$dir = $this->tempDir();
+		foreach (['b1', 'a2', 'c3.part-0123abcd'] as $name) {
+			touch("$dir/$name");
+		}
+		$isDirCalls = 0;
+		$storage = $this->createMock(IStorage::class);
+		$storage->method('instanceOfStorage')->willReturn(false);
+		$storage->method('is_dir')->willReturnCallback(function (string $path) use (&$isDirCalls): bool {
+			$isDirCalls++;
+			return $path === 'repo' || $path === 'repo/index';
+		});
+		$storage->method('opendir')->willReturnCallback(fn (string $path) => $path === 'repo/index' ? opendir($dir) : false);
+
+		$backend = new StorageBackend($storage, 'repo');
+		$isDirCalls = 0; // the constructor checks the base folder
+		$this->assertSame(['index/a2', 'index/b1'], $backend->listFiles('index'));
+		$this->assertSame(1, $isDirCalls);
+
+		$isDirCalls = 0;
+		$this->assertSame(['index/a2', 'index/b1'], $backend->list('index'));
+		$this->assertSame(4, $isDirCalls, 'list() checks every entry: the reason listFiles() exists');
+	}
+
+	public function testListFilesOfAMissingFolderIsEmpty(): void {
+		$storage = $this->createMock(IStorage::class);
+		$storage->method('instanceOfStorage')->willReturn(false);
+		$storage->method('is_dir')->willReturnCallback(fn (string $path): bool => $path === 'repo');
+		$storage->expects($this->never())->method('opendir');
+		$this->assertSame([], (new StorageBackend($storage, 'repo'))->listFiles('snapshots'));
+	}
+
+	public function testAnUnreadableFolderIsAnErrorNotEmpty(): void {
+		$storage = $this->createMock(IStorage::class);
+		$storage->method('instanceOfStorage')->willReturn(false);
+		$storage->method('is_dir')->willReturn(true);
+		$storage->method('opendir')->willReturn(false);
+		$this->expectException(BackendException::class);
+		(new StorageBackend($storage, 'repo'))->listFiles('catalog');
+	}
+}

tests/Unit/Repository/CrashSafetyTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Dillard Blom
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Repository;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\LocalBackend;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Crypto\KeyRing;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Job\BackupRun;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Repository\Repository;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Repository\RepositoryException;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\TempDirTrait;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+/** Data-safety cases found in the pre-beta review. */
+class CrashSafetyTest extends TestCase {
+	use TempDirTrait;
+
+	public function testListingKeepsNamesThatOnlyLookLikeTemporaryFiles(): void {
+		$root = $this->tempDir();
+		$backend = new LocalBackend($root);
+		mkdir("$root/users/john.part-time", 0700, true);
+		file_put_contents("$root/users/john.part-time/20261006T120000Z-aaaa0001", 'x');
+		file_put_contents("$root/users/upload.part-deadbeef", 'partial');
+		$this->assertSame(['users/john.part-time/20261006T120000Z-aaaa0001'], $backend->list('users'));
+	}
+
+	public function testPruneStopsWhenARecordedExportManifestIsMissing(): void {
+		$root = $this->tempDir();
+		$backend = new LocalBackend($root);
+		$keys = KeyRing::generate();
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($backend, $keys, $keys->wrap('pw'));
+		$stats = [];
+		$blob = $repo->storeData(random_bytes(1000), $stats);
+		$repo->flushPacks();
+		$path = 'users/alice/20261006T120000Z-aaaa0001';
+		$repo->putObject($path, json_encode(['uid' => 'alice', 'entries' => ['f.txt' => ['t' => 'f', 'b' => [$blob], 's' => 1000]]]));
+		$repo->recordUserExport($path);
+		unlink("$root/$path");
+
+		$packsBefore = $backend->list('packs');
+		try {
+			Repository::openWithKey($backend, $keys)->prune();
+			$this->fail('prune must refuse while a recorded export is missing');
+		} catch (RepositoryException $e) {
+			$this->assertStringContainsString('missing on the location', $e->getMessage());
+		}
+		$this->assertSame($packsBefore, $backend->list('packs'), 'no pack was deleted');
+	}
+
+	public function testForgetAndUntrashKeepTheSnapshotRestorable(): void {
+		$src = $this->tempDir();
+		file_put_contents("$src/a.txt", 'hello');
+		$root = $this->tempDir();
+		$backend = new LocalBackend($root);
+		$keys = KeyRing::generate();
+		Repository::initWithKey($backend, $keys, $keys->wrap('pw'));
+		$state = BackupRun::start($src);
+		while ($state['phase'] !== 'commit') {
+			$state = BackupRun::step(Repository::openWithKey($backend, $keys), $state, microtime(true) + 5);
+		}
+		Repository::openWithKey($backend, $keys)->recordSnapshot($state['snapshot']);
+		$id = $state['snapshot'];
+
+		Repository::openWithKey($backend, $keys)->forget($id, 'test');
+		$repo = Repository::openWithKey($backend, $keys);
+		$this->assertSame([], $repo->listSnapshots());
+		$this->assertArrayHasKey($id, $repo->trash());
+		$this->assertFalse($backend->exists('snapshots/' . $id), 'original removed after the catalog switch');
+
+		$repo->untrash($id);
+		$repo = Repository::openWithKey($backend, $keys);
+		$this->assertSame([$id], $repo->listSnapshots());
+		$this->assertSame([], $repo->trash());
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+		$repo->restore($id, $target);
+		$this->assertSame('hello', file_get_contents("$target/a.txt"));
+	}
+
+	public function testFileThatKeepsChangingDoesNotStallTheRun(): void {
+		$src = $this->tempDir();
+		file_put_contents("$src/live.db", random_bytes(3 * Repository::BLOB_SIZE));
+		$root = $this->tempDir();
+		$backend = new LocalBackend($root);
+		$keys = KeyRing::generate();
+		Repository::initWithKey($backend, $keys, $keys->wrap('pw'));
+
+		$state = BackupRun::start($src);
+		$n = 0;
+		for ($i = 0; $i < 50 && $state['phase'] !== 'commit'; $i++) {
+			$state = BackupRun::step(Repository::openWithKey($backend, $keys), $state, microtime(true) + 0.001);
+			// Rewrite the file after every step: it never stays the same between two steps.
+			$fh = fopen("$src/live.db", 'r+b');
+			fwrite($fh, random_bytes(16));
+			fclose($fh);
+			touch("$src/live.db", time() + ++$n);
+			clearstatcache();
+		}
+		$this->assertSame('commit', $state['phase'], 'the run finishes instead of retrying forever');
+		$this->assertSame(1, $state['stats']['changing'] ?? 0);
+		$this->assertSame(['live.db'], BackupRun::warnings($state)['changing']);
+	}
+}

tests/Unit/Repository/IndexCacheTest.php

@@ -51,4 +51,41 @@ class IndexCacheTest extends TestCase {
 		$fourth->restore($r1['snapshot'], $target);
 		$this->assertCount(12, self::hashTree($target));
 	}
+
+	/** The database dump reads in a read-only transaction: a pack that fills up then must not write the cache yet. */
+	public function testHeldCacheWritesWaitForRelease(): void {
+		$cache = new class implements IIndexCache {
+			public array $data = [];
+			public bool $readOnly = false;
+			public function all(string $r): array { return $this->data[$r] ?? []; }
+			public function put(string $r, string $p, array $e): void {
+				if ($this->readOnly) {
+					throw new \RuntimeException('cannot execute INSERT in a read-only transaction');
+				}
+				$this->data[$r][$p] = $e;
+			}
+			public function remove(string $r, array $ps): void { foreach ($ps as $p) { unset($this->data[$r][$p]); } }
+		};
+		$backend = new LocalBackend($this->tempDir());
+		$keys = KeyRing::generate();
+		Repository::initWithKey($backend, $keys, $keys->wrap('pw'));
+		$repo = Repository::openWithKey($backend, $keys, $cache);
+
+		$stats = [];
+		$repo->holdIndexCache();
+		$cache->readOnly = true;
+		$writer = $repo->blobWriter($stats);
+		for ($i = 0; $i < 40; $i++) {
+			$writer->write(random_bytes(1048576)); // more than one 32 MiB pack
+		}
+		$writer->finish();
+		$this->assertGreaterThan(0, count($backend->list('index')), 'a full pack was uploaded during the hold');
+		$this->assertSame([], $cache->data);
+
+		$cache->readOnly = false;
+		$repo->releaseIndexCache();
+		$repo->flushPacks();
+		$this->assertCount(count($backend->list('index')), array_merge(...array_values($cache->data)));
+		$this->assertSame(0, Repository::openWithKey($backend, $keys, $cache)->indexDownloads());
+	}
 }

tests/Unit/Repository/PackReadTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Repository;
+
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\IBackend;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\LocalBackend;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Crypto\KeyRing;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Repository\Repository;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\TempDirTrait;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+/** Restores and deep verifies read a pack as one stream instead of one request per blob. */
+class PackReadTest extends TestCase {
+	use TempDirTrait;
+
+	private string $root;
+	private KeyRing $keys;
+	private string $src;
+	private string $snapshot;
+
+	protected function setUp(): void {
+		$this->root = $this->tempDir();
+		$this->keys = KeyRing::generate();
+		$this->src = $this->tempDir();
+		for ($i = 0; $i < 200; $i++) {
+			file_put_contents(sprintf('%s/f%03d', $this->src, $i), random_bytes(20000));
+		}
+		$backend = new LocalBackend($this->root);
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'));
+		$this->snapshot = $repo->backupDirectory($this->src)['snapshot'];
+	}
+
+	private function open(PackOpenCountingBackend $backend): Repository {
+		return Repository::openWithKey($backend, $this->keys, null, null);
+	}
+
+	public function testFullRestoreOpensEachPackOnce(): void {
+		$backend = new PackOpenCountingBackend(new LocalBackend($this->root));
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+
+		$this->assertSame(200, $this->open($backend)->restore($this->snapshot, $target));
+
+		for ($i = 0; $i < 200; $i++) {
+			$name = sprintf('f%03d', $i);
+			$this->assertSame(file_get_contents("$this->src/$name"), file_get_contents("$target/$name"));
+		}
+		// One pack: one stream instead of 200 requests.
+		$this->assertSame(1, $backend->packOpens());
+	}
+
+	public function testDeepVerifyOpensEachPackOnce(): void {
+		$backend = new PackOpenCountingBackend(new LocalBackend($this->root));
+
+		$result = $this->open($backend)->verify($this->snapshot, deep: true);
+
+		$this->assertSame(200 * 20000, $result['bytesChecked']);
+		$this->assertSame(1, $backend->packOpens());
+	}
+
+	public function testReadingBackwardsOpensThePackAgain(): void {
+		$backend = new PackOpenCountingBackend(new LocalBackend($this->root));
+		$repo = $this->open($backend);
+
+		$this->assertSame(1, $repo->restore($this->snapshot, $this->tempDir(), 'f150'));
+		$this->assertSame(1, $repo->restore($this->snapshot, $this->tempDir(), 'f050'));
+
+		$this->assertSame(2, $backend->packOpens());
+	}
+
+	public function testThePackStreamIsClosedBeforeAnyOtherRequest(): void {
+		$backend = new PackOpenCountingBackend(new LocalBackend($this->root));
+		$repo = $this->open($backend);
+		$this->assertSame(1, $repo->restore($this->snapshot, $this->tempDir(), 'f010'));
+		$this->assertTrue($backend->packStreamOpen(), 'kept open for the next read');
+
+		$repo->putObject('objects/after-restore', 'data');
+
+		$this->assertSame([false], $backend->packStreamOpenAtPut);
+	}
+
+	public function testAPackStreamThatCannotSeekIsReadUpToTheOffset(): void {
+		$backend = new PackOpenCountingBackend(new LocalBackend($this->root), $this->root);
+		$target = $this->tempDir();
+
+		$this->assertSame(1, $this->open($backend)->restore($this->snapshot, $target, 'f150'));
+
+		$this->assertSame(file_get_contents("$this->src/f150"), file_get_contents("$target/f150"));
+	}
+
+	public function testDeepVerifyOfATruncatedPackStillChecksTheBlobsBeforeTheDamage(): void {
+		$packs = (new LocalBackend($this->root))->list('packs');
+		$this->assertCount(1, $packs);
+		$pack = $this->root . '/' . $packs[0];
+		$fh = fopen($pack, 'r+b');
+		ftruncate($fh, intdiv(filesize($pack), 2));
+		fclose($fh);
+
+		$result = $this->open(new PackOpenCountingBackend(new LocalBackend($this->root)))->verify($this->snapshot, deep: true);
+
+		$this->assertGreaterThan(80 * 20000, $result['bytesChecked']);
+		$this->assertNotSame([], $result['unreadable']);
+		$this->assertSame([], $result['failed']);
+	}
+}
+
+final class PackOpenCountingBackend implements IBackend {
+	/** @var list<string> */
+	public array $gets = [];
+	/** @var list<bool> */
+	public array $packStreamOpenAtPut = [];
+	/** @var resource|null */
+	private $lastPackStream = null;
+
+	/** @param ?string $pipeFrom serve packs as pipes (streams that cannot seek) from this local repository root */
+	public function __construct(
+		private IBackend $inner,
+		private ?string $pipeFrom = null,
+	) {
+	}
+
+	public function packStreamOpen(): bool {
+		return is_resource($this->lastPackStream);
+	}
+
+	public function put(string $path, $stream): void {
+		$this->packStreamOpenAtPut[] = $this->packStreamOpen();
+		$this->inner->put($path, $stream);
+	}
+
+	public function packOpens(): int {
+		return count(array_filter($this->gets, fn (string $p): bool => str_starts_with($p, 'packs/')));
+	}
+
+	public function get(string $path) {
+		$this->gets[] = $path;
+		if (!str_starts_with($path, 'packs/')) {
+			return $this->inner->get($path);
+		}
+		$fh = $this->pipeFrom !== null
+			? popen('cat ' . escapeshellarg($this->pipeFrom . '/' . $path), 'r')
+			: $this->inner->get($path);
+		$this->lastPackStream = $fh;
+		return $fh;
+	}
+
+	public function getRange(string $path, int $offset, int $length): string {
+		$this->gets[] = $path;
+		return $this->inner->getRange($path, $offset, $length);
+	}
+
+	public function exists(string $path): bool {
+		return $this->inner->exists($path);
+	}
+
+	public function move(string $from, string $to): void {
+		$this->inner->move($from, $to);
+	}
+
+	public function list(string $prefix): array {
+		return $this->inner->list($prefix);
+	}
+
+	public function listFiles(string $dir): array {
+		return $this->inner->listFiles($dir);
+	}
+
+	public function delete(string $path): void {
+		$this->inner->delete($path);
+	}
+}

tests/Unit/Repository/VerifyTest.php

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace OCA\NgBackup\Tests\Unit\Repository;
 
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\BackendException;
+use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\IBackend;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Backend\LocalBackend;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Crypto\KeyRing;
 use OCA\NgBackup\Repository\Repository;
@@ -92,4 +94,90 @@ class VerifyTest extends TestCase {
 
 		$this->assertNotSame([], $result['failed']);
 	}
+
+	public function testDeepVerifyRetriesAReadThatFailsOnce(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'));
+		$s = $repo->backupDirectory($this->src);
+		$flaky = new FlakyRangeBackend($this->backend, failures: 1);
+
+		$result = Repository::openWithKey($flaky, $this->keys, null, null)->verify($s['snapshot'], deep: true);
+
+		$this->assertSame(200000, $result['bytesChecked']);
+		$this->assertSame([], $result['failed']);
+		$this->assertSame([], $result['unreadable']);
+	}
+
+	public function testDeepVerifyReportsAPersistentReadErrorAsUnreadableNotCorrupted(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'));
+		$s = $repo->backupDirectory($this->src);
+		$broken = new FlakyRangeBackend($this->backend, failures: PHP_INT_MAX);
+
+		$result = Repository::openWithKey($broken, $this->keys, null, null)->verify($s['snapshot'], deep: true);
+
+		$this->assertSame([], $result['failed']);
+		$this->assertNotSame([], $result['unreadable']);
+		$this->assertSame('connection reset', $result['readError']);
+	}
+
+	public function testDeepVerifyDoesNotHideAProgrammingError(): void {
+		$repo = Repository::initWithKey($this->backend, $this->keys, $this->keys->wrap('pw'));
+		$s = $repo->backupDirectory($this->src);
+		$buggy = new FlakyRangeBackend($this->backend, failures: PHP_INT_MAX, error: new \TypeError('bug'));
+
+		$this->expectException(\TypeError::class);
+		Repository::openWithKey($buggy, $this->keys, null, null)->verify($s['snapshot'], deep: true);
+	}
+}
+
+/** Delegates to a real backend, but reading a pack throws for the first $failures reads. */
+final class FlakyRangeBackend implements IBackend {
+	public function __construct(
+		private IBackend $inner,
+		private int $failures,
+		private ?\Throwable $error = null,
+	) {
+	}
+
+	public function put(string $path, $stream): void {
+		$this->inner->put($path, $stream);
+	}
+
+	public function get(string $path) {
+		if (str_starts_with($path, 'packs/')) {
+			$this->fail();
+		}
+		return $this->inner->get($path);
+	}
+
+	public function getRange(string $path, int $offset, int $length): string {
+		$this->fail();
+		return $this->inner->getRange($path, $offset, $length);
+	}
+
+	private function fail(): void {
+		if ($this->failures > 0) {
+			$this->failures--;
+			throw $this->error ?? new BackendException('connection reset');
+		}
+	}
+
+	public function exists(string $path): bool {
+		return $this->inner->exists($path);
+	}
+
+	public function move(string $from, string $to): void {
+		$this->inner->move($from, $to);
+	}
+
+	public function list(string $prefix): array {
+		return $this->inner->list($prefix);
+	}
+
+	public function listFiles(string $dir): array {
+		return $this->inner->listFiles($dir);
+	}
+
+	public function delete(string $path): void {
+		$this->inner->delete($path);
+	}
 }

tests/bootstrap.php

@@ -3,3 +3,13 @@
 declare(strict_types=1);
 
 require __DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php';
+
+// nextcloud/ocp ships the public interfaces without an autoloader; tests that mock them need one.
+spl_autoload_register(static function (string $class): void {
+	if (str_starts_with($class, 'OCP\\')) {
+		$file = __DIR__ . '/../vendor/nextcloud/ocp/' . str_replace('\\', '/', $class) . '.php';
+		if (is_file($file)) {
+			require $file;
+		}
+	}
+});

tests/integration/full-restore-roundtrip.sh

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:target:add offsite local -a null::null -o datadir=
 run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:list offsite | grep -q "$SNAP" || fail "the origin's snapshot is not listed after connecting the location"
 ok "recovery kit imported, existing repository adopted, snapshot visible"
 
-run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:restore:full offsite "$SNAP" >/dev/null || fail "restore:full"
+run_on ngb-frt-restore backup:restore:full offsite "$SNAP" --no-interaction >/dev/null || fail "restore:full"
 ok "backup:restore:full completed"
 
 # Everything below must work in a FRESH occ process (a new PHP process per docker exec), since

tests/integration/user-roundtrip.sh

@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ ok "as-backup restores into <uid>-bak, byte-identical, original account untouche
 # replace: damage the account, then restore it in place under the same uid.
 $X sh -c "rm '$DATA/$U/files/Docs/f1.bin' && echo damaged > '$DATA/$U/files/Docs/f1.bin'"
 occ files:scan "$U" >/dev/null
-occ backup:user:restore ci "$MANIFEST" --mode=replace >/dev/null || fail "restore replace"
+if occ backup:user:restore ci "$MANIFEST" --mode=replace --no-interaction >/dev/null 2>&1; then fail "replace of an existing account ran without --force"; fi
+occ backup:user:restore ci "$MANIFEST" --mode=replace --force >/dev/null || fail "restore replace"
 occ files:scan "$U" >/dev/null
 SUM_AFTER=$($X sh -c "cd $DATA/$U/files && find . -type f -print0 | sort -z | xargs -0 md5sum | md5sum")
 [ "$SUM_BEFORE" = "$SUM_AFTER" ] || fail "files differ after a replace restore"